Energy Management

1. g Enery Manaement Energy Management Dept. CEB

2. Content • Energy Scenario • Energy Security • Energy Management • Energy Efficiency & Energy Conservation • Energy Management in CEB • Loss Reduction • Technical Loss Reduction • Non-Technical Loss Reduction • Commercial Loss Reduction • Energy Auditing & Conservation • Energy Awareness

3. What is energy ? • Energy Is the Ability to Do Work • Energy can be found in a number of different forms. It can be thermal energy, chemical energy, electrical energy, light (radiant energy), mechanical energy, and nuclear energy • During the day, the sun gives out light and heat energy • The food we eat contains energy. We use that energy to work and play

4. Types of energy

5. Where energy comes from The law of Energy Energy can neither be creatednor destroyed. It can only be changed from one form to another.

6. Energy losses Conversion & Utilization losses • Secondary Energy • Fossil Fuel • Hydro • Solar • Refined Fossil Fuels • Electricity • Motive Power • Lighting • Heating • Primary Energy • Services Conversion Losses

7. Energy losses & waste • Whenever energy is transferred from ONE FORM to another, only part of the INPUT energy is usefully transferred as OUTPUT energy in the form that is wanted. • In most cases the wasted energy is usually heat and so most energy chains end with heat. Light Electricity Sound Heat

8. Energy Loss Power plant loss 62% Transmission loss 2% Energy of coal 100% Energy as light 2% Energy per bulb 36% Heat energy loss 34%

9. Energy Loss • More than 90% of the • Energy is Wasted

10. Energy waste Engine Losses 63% Other 2% Fuel 100% 14% Idle 15% Drive line 6%

11. Natural resources • Global Fossil Fuel Production and Forecast

12. Global warming • Burning of fossil fuels releases CO2 • Release of CO2 acts as a blanket • Radiation heat coming from sun is not reflecting. It is absorbed by green house gases, mainly CO2 • Accumulation of heat causes temperature rise

14. Issues of energy waste • Green House Effect - Global warming • Depletion of energy sources such as fossil fuel • Depletion of usable water sources • Environmental pollution • Low living conditions • Extinction of species • The End of • Mankind…

15. Energy Security • The basic aim of energy security for a nation is to reduce its dependency on the imported energy sources for its economic growth. • “The Continuous availability of energy in varied forms in sufficient quantities at reasonable prices” • World Energy Assessment – UNDP 1999 • Any disruption in energy supplies would be harmful • to the country’s economic growth, • human survival and well being.

16. Energy Management • The fundamental goal of energy management is to produce goods and provide services with the least cost and least environmental effect. • The objectives of Energy Management includes; • Achieve and maintain optimum energy procurement and utilization, throughout the organization • To minimize energy costs / waste without affecting production, quality & comfort • To minimize environmental effects

17. Energy Management System Energy Manager and Energy Management Team Energy Metering Data Collection and Analysis Monitoring & Review Implementation

18. Energy management in ceb • Loss reduction • Technical losses • Non-technical losses • Commercial losses • Energy Conservation • Energy Efficiency • Energy Awareness • Demand side management

19. Technical loss reduction • Substation Improvement Program • Low Voltage Surge Protection • MV Feeder Capacitor Installation • Feeder Loss reduction • Conductor Insulation at special places • Crimping • Meter Testing • Preventive Maintenance Program • Research & Development

20. Substation improvement • Selection of substations from different areas. • Inspection of substations. • Visual inspection • Thermal Inspection • Load measurements • Earth measurements • Improvement suggestions and recommendations will be reported and discussed with Area Engineer. • Minor improvements will be done by Energy Management unit. • Major improvements and rehabilitation will be done by AMU or DMU.

21. Substation improvement • Rubber Factory – Bulk Supply substation • Thermal Loss detection • Using Fluke Ti 10 Thermal camera

22. Ceylon Busicuits, Homagama - 1000 kVA Transformer Any idea about the loss ??? • Ukuwelakanda Rubber Factory – Bulk Supply substation • Thermal Loss detection • Using Fluke Ti 10 Thermal camera

23. Energy Consumption = 1 kW x 24 h x 30 days = 720 kWh / Month • Thermal Image of an Electric Iron – 1000 W

24. Ukuwelakanda Rubber Factory – Bulk Supply substation • Thermal Loss detection • Fuse Set

25. After rehabilitation

27. To Load NIPM From Transformer

28. The thief caught on camera ??? NIPM

29. LV Surge protection

30. + + + + + + - - - - - - • Negative charge at cloud base • Positive charge at cloud top + + + + Formation of lightning • Up-draughts of warm air • Down-draughts of cold air • Positive charge on ground

31. + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + Formation of lightning • Charge build-up continues up to 100+ millions of Volts • Ionization of air occurs • Leaders carry charge down, intensifying electric field

32. + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - + + + + + + + + Formation of lightning • Upward streamers form • Leader meets streamer forming a conduction path

33. + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - + + - + + - + - + - - + + - - Formation of lightning • Upward streamers form • Leader meets streamer forming a conduction path - • Potential is equalised by the return stroke

34. Leaders • Return stroke • Streamers Lightning strike

35. summary • 75% of lightning events have more than one common stroke. Generally 3 or 4 but up to 10 possible. • Average lightning current are 10-20kA. • Only 10% of lightning occurs between clouds and ground. • A multi stroke flash may continue for as long as 1s. • Currents can be as high as 200kA. Rate of rise is more important than the value.

36. Building potential rise • Direct Effects Building is 40m high Inductance of downconductor is 1uH/m Ld

37. Ip Building potential rise • Direct Effects Lightning peak current, Ip = 50kA Risetime = 1us Ld

38. Ip Building potential rise, Vp Building potential rise • Direct Effects Ld

39. - 2.0MV - 1.5MV - 1.0MV - 0.5MV - 0V Building potential rise • Potential gradient exists from the bottom to the top of the building • Each floor has a different voltage

40. Touch potentials 5kV - • A potential difference exists between the ground and the wall 0V -

41. Touch potentials • A potential difference exists between the ground and the wall 5kV - • Someone who is touching both the ground and the wall is subject to this, hence it is called a ‘touch’ potential 0V -

42. Ip Earth potential rise, Ve Earth potential rise Earth resistance, R = 10 • Earth resistance Lightning peak current, Ip = 50kA R

43. Ip Earth potential rise, Ve Earth potential rise • Even with a good earthing system (low resistance) earth potential rise is very large Earth resistance, R = 1 Lightning peak current, Ip = 50kA R

44. - - 1kV 0V Step potentials • Lightning current disperses out through the earth creating potential differences along the ground

45. - - 1kV 0V Step potentials • Lightning current disperses out through the earth creating potential differences along the ground • Someone stepping over some distance will be subject to this, hence it is called a ‘step’ potential

46.  Induced surges • Voltage surge induced on power line • Voltage propagates down the line • Flashover occurs • Current surge flows

47. Arrester lead length Effective Lead length The lead length that is Electrically parallel with the protected equipment and conducts the surge current during a Lightning

48. Low voltage surge protection • Identifying affected areas • Meter Burn • CT Burn • Conductor damages • Transformer damages / Burn • Surrounding damages • Analyzing the level of protection required • Design of protection system • Implementation of protection system • Monitoring of protection system

50. earthing • Why the Earth Resistance • must be low? • The Ohm’s Law V = I x R • Advantages • Limits the system-to-ground or system-to-frame voltage to values safe for personnel. • Provides a relatively stable system with a minimum of transient over voltages. • Permits any system fault to ground to be quickly isolated. Transformer Neutral < 25 ΩSurge Arrester < 10 Ω