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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Fig. 8.1. PHYSIOLOGY. Fig. 8.2. Fig. 8.3. Fig. 8.4. Gray vs White Matter. CNS composed of gray and white matter. Gray matter consists of neuron cell bodies and dendrites. White matter (myelin) consists of axon tracts. Fig. 8.5. Fig. 8.6. Fig. 8.7.

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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

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  1. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Fig. 8.1 PHYSIOLOGY

  2. Fig. 8.2

  3. Fig. 8.3

  4. Fig. 8.4

  5. Gray vs White Matter • CNS composed of gray and white matter. • Gray matter consists of neuron cell bodies and dendrites. • White matter (myelin) consists of axon tracts.

  6. Fig. 8.5

  7. Fig. 8.6

  8. Fig. 8.7

  9. Basal Nuclei (basal ganglia) • Masses of gray matter composed of neuronal cell bodies located deep within white matter. • Contain: • Corpus striatum: • Caudate nucleus. • Lentiform nucleus: • Putaman and globus pallidus. • Functions in the control of voluntary movements. Fig. 8.11

  10. Cerebral Lateralization • Cerebral dominance: • Specialization of one hemisphere. • Left hemisphere: • More adept in language and analytical abilities. • Damage: • Severe speech problems. • Right hemisphere: • Most adept at visuospatial tasks. • Damage: • Difficulty finding way around house. Fig. 8.12

  11. Language • Broca’s area: • Involves articulation of speech. • In damage, comprehension of speech in unimpaired. • Wernicke’s area: • Involves language comprehension. • In damage, language comprehension is destroyed, but speech is rapid without any meaning. • Angular gyrus: • Center of integration of auditory, visual, and somatosensory information. • Damage produces aphasias. • Arcuate fasciculus: • To speak intelligibly, words originating in Wernicke’s area must be sent to Broca’s area. • Broca’s area sends fibers to the motor cortex which directly controls the musculature of speech.

  12. Fig. 8.13

  13. Emotion and Motivation • Limbic system: • Group of forebrain nuclei and fiber tracts that form a ring around the brain stem. • Center for basic emotional drives. Fig. 8.14

  14. Emotion and Motivation • Areas of the hypothalamus and limbic system are involved in feelings and behaviors. • Aggression: • Amygdala and hypothalamus. • Fear: • Amygdala and hypothalamus. • Feeding: • Hypothalamus (feeding and satiety centers). • Sexual drive and behavior: • Hypothalamus and limbic system. • Goal directed behavior (reward and punishment): • Hypothalamus and frontal cortex.

  15. Fig. 8.16

  16. Fig. 8.17

  17. Functions of Hypothalamus • Contains neural centers for hunger, thirst, and body temperature. • Contributes to the regulation of sleep, wakefulness, emotions, sexual arousal, anger, fear, pain, and pleasure. • Stimulates hormonal release from anterior pituitary. • Produces ADH and oxytocin. • Coordinates sympathetic and parasympathetic reflexes.

  18. Fig. 8.19 Midbrain

  19. Midbrain • Corpora quadrigemina: • Superior colliculi: • Involved in visual reflexes. • Inferior colliculi: • Relay centers for auditory information. • Cerebral peduncles: • Composed of ascending and descending fiber tracts. • Substantia nigra: • Required for motor coordination. • Red nucleus: • Maintains connections with cerebrum and cerebellum. • Involved in motor coordination.

  20. Fig. 8.18

  21. Fig. 8.19 Cerebellum, Pons, & Medulla

  22. Fig. 8.21

  23. Fig. 8.23

  24. Fig. 8.24

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