The Russian Revolution 1917 - 1924

1. The Russian Revolution1917 - 1924

2. textbook • Nicolas Tate • A History of the Modern World, Federal Publications (S) Pte Ltd, 1995.

3. MAPWORK • Find the following countries on the map • Britain, France, Norway, Italy, Belgium, Russia, Poland, Finland, Estonia, Denmark, Lithuania, Latvia, Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Sweden, Portugal, Spain, Greece, Switzerland, , Hungary, Romania, Turkey, Albania

4. MAPWORK • Find the following cities • London, Paris, Warsaw, Moscow,St Petersburg, Petrograd, Vladivostok, Munich, Berlin

5. Don’t be “LOST” and ‘BLUR” when we study • The Tsar & the Russian Empire • Reasons for the 2 revolutions in Russia in 1917 • Who were the Bolsheviks • What communism means • The Reds and Whites 1918-1921 (not the Japanese Red and White Show, you #$#@!) • How Lenin tried to change the Russian economy

6. The Russian Empire under Tsar Nicholas • Look at the extent of the Russian Empire in 1914 (p 42) • It stretches from Europe in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east • The Russian Empire was ruled by the Tsar or the emperor • In 1914, it was Nicolas II

7. The Russian Empire under Tsar Nicholas • Nicolas II was very powerful • Made decisions on his own • 1905 – protests and demonstrations • Nicholas was forced to set up a parliament (Duma) • However, it had little influence on the govt ruled by the Tsar

8. The Russian Society • The Aristocracy • The rich minority • Most powerful • The Middle class • Merchants, bankers, doctors, lawyers • Not many around; little influence in govt matters • The Peasants • Majority of the people • Peasants more than town workers • Mostly engaged in farming • Resent their poverty; resent the rich • The Town workers • Lived and worked in cities • More involved in demonstrations • Poor working conditions • Govt did not help much

9. Opposition to tsarist rule • Opposition for many different reasons • “Bloody Sunday” • A peaceful demonstration in the capital St Petersburg was fired upon by troops • Led to further protests • Eventually Tsar Nicholas agreed to call a ‘Duma’ or parliament On 22 Jan 1905, there was a march of industrial workers on St. Petersburg, the intellectual center of Russia and the Tsar’s capital. Father Gapon, carrying a crucifix, led the workers with their wives and children (including infants) to the city centre. Guards, instructed that the people should not reach the palace, ordered the crowds to leave. When the people refused, the guards began shooting at them, first with blanks then with ball cartridges, killing women and children along with men. Shocked, the workers turned and fled for their lives. Several hundreds were killed.

10. Street Fighting in St Petersburg 1905

11. THE DUMA The Duma had little power

12. OPPONENTS OF THE TSAR 1. Social Revolutionaries 2. Social Democrats or Marxists 3. Liberals

13. OPPONENTS OF THE TSAR • Social Revolutionaries • Social because they wanted to change society • Revolutionaries because they were willing to take part in a revolution • The SR were prepared to use violence to bring about a revolution • Wanted to seize land owned by the aristocracy and turn them over the peasants • Naturally most of their support came from the peasants • Many officials were assassinated – part of the SR campaign

14. OPPONENTS OF THE TSAR • Social Democrats or Marxists • Also want complete change to society • Also prepared to use violence • However, their support comes mainly from the town workers rather than the peasants • Marxists follow the teachings of a 19th century German thinker called KARL MARX

15. OPPONENTS OF THE TSAR KARL MARX • Marx believed that violent revolutions would take place in all countries • All power transferred to the ordinary people • No private property • Everything belongs to the state and the state would use it on behalf of the people • Marx’s ideas were known as “socialism” or “communism” • His followers were thus known as socialists or communists • See Page 60

16. OPPONENTS OF THE TSAR • Social Democrats or Marxists • The Marxists were a small party in Russia • Also divided among themselves • 1903 : Split up into 2 groups – the Bolsheviks (the majority) and the Mensheviks (the minority) • Bolsheviks were led by Lenin • Main difference : Bolsheviks were impatient for revolution to occur

17. LENIN

18. OPPONENTS OF THE TSAR • Liberals • These opponents of the Tsar believed in peaceful means of opposition • Wanted the Tsar to share power with some of the people • Demanded for a parliament with real power and rule only with its consent

19. WORLD WAR I • Outbreak of WWI against Germany in 1914 changed the situation • 1915 : Nicholas II decided to go to the front and lead the army himself

20. WORLD WAR I • Poor leader, made bad decisions • His wife ran the country; made bad decisions and chose bad advisers (Rasputin) • Events led to the Feb 1917 Revolution • First, let’s see the impact of WWI on Russia

21. WORLD WAR I Impact of WWI • Inflation • Fewer factory workers (?) • Military Defeat • Massive food shortages • The Tsar • The Tsarina • Inefficient railway system

22. WORLD WAR I Impact of WWI • Inflation • Prices skyrocketed • Between 1914 to 1916, average wages doubles • But basic food (potatoes, bread) cost 3 to 5 times as much • Fewer factory workers (?) • Workers needed to join the army • But factories needed more workers to produce war goods • More peasants left the countryside for the towns • Is it a net gain or net loss of factory workers?

23. Impact of WWI • Military Defeat • Russia suffered many defeats • Lost a lot of land • 1 million killed, more than 4 million wounded, 3 million POWs • Rasputin : The Tsar and especially his wife came under the influence of a monk called Rasputin

24. RASPUTIN

25. WORLD WAR I Impact of WWI • Massive food shortages • Worsened as the war dragged on • Peasants already unable to produce enough food during peacetime, let alone when workers and horses were taken for the army • Inefficient food collection and distribution • Result : People starved while undistributed food rotted

26. WORLD WAR I Impact of WWI • The Tsar • The Tsar decided to go to the front and lead the army himself • He made a poor leader and was not an inspiration to his troops at all • He was also blamed for the military defeats suffered at the hands of the Germans

27. WORLD WAR I Impact of WWI • The Tsarina • Inexperienced and incompetent • Personally unpopular because she was a German • Listened to the bad advice of Rasputin

28. WORLD WAR I Impact of WWI • Inefficient railway system • Failed to cope with the additional demands of war • What do you think were the effects of an inefficient railway in the country embroiled in war?

29. The First Revolution Feb 1917 • The first revolution of 1917 was unplanned; spontaneous • People protested in Petrograd (Nicholas renamed St Petersburg as Petrograd) • Soldiers ignored orders to disperse the protests and joined them instead • Generals could not help the Tsar as they lost control of the troops • Nicholas II abdicated in favour of his brother, Grand Duke Michael who refused to become Tsar

30. The First Revolution Feb 1917

31. Tsar Nicholas

32. SUMMARYSee page 47

33. Let’s go on a short tour of St Petersburg today

43. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS • Information and image sources • Moreira J., World in Transition – Perspectives on Modern World History, Singapore : SNP Education Pte Ltd, 2000. • Kelly N. and Shuter J., As It Was Lived – A History of the Modern World, Singapore : Pearson Education Asia Pte Ltd, 2000. • Lim S H, Tham Y P, Wang Z and Yeo L, Inroads – Modern World History, Singapore : Oxford University Press, 2000. • Tate N., A History of the Modern World, Singapore : Federal Publications, 1995.