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Bridging the Gap for SIFE. Dr. Elaine C. Klein and Dr. Gita Martohardjono Research Institute for the Study of Language in Urban Society (RISLUS), CUNY Graduate Center Email: slal@gc.cuny.edu March 11, 2008. Who are SIFE?. Subgroup of English Language Learners (ELLs)
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Bridging the Gap for SIFE Dr. Elaine C. Klein and Dr. Gita Martohardjono Research Institute for the Study of Language in Urban Society (RISLUS), CUNY Graduate Center Email: slal@gc.cuny.edu March 11, 2008
Who are SIFE? • Subgroup of English Language Learners (ELLs) • Recent arrivals to the US • Low literacy • Gaps in prior schooling (2 yrs +)
Some Facts about ‘SIFE’ • Schools struggling to identify SIFE • Schools struggling to meet SIFE needs • SIFE graduation rates far lower than those of other ELLs
Some Facts about ‘SIFE’in NYC Schools* • Approximately 15,000 “new” and existing SIFE comprise 11% of ELL population • Highest % of new SIFE enter 8th, 9th and 10th grades: Approximately 4700 in 2006-7. • SIFE evenly distributed in 4 boroughs • 59% of SIFE: Spanish native language *Bilingual Education Student Information Survey (BESIS) 2006-2007: NYC DOE Office of English Language Learners. 2007.
Short, Boyson, & Coltrane (2003) Examined selected “newcomer”programs nation-wide to“identify, document, analyze … effective program approaches to literacy development and assessment.”
Short et al. Conclusions • “Many programs find that [the assessment instruments they use for SIFE] are inadequate…, particularly for those with no literacy skills in English.” • “…A relatively new and unresearched program option, … we have much more to learn about the most effective ways to deliver instruction…” [to SIFE].
Additional Studies “adequate assessments are essential for gauging individual strengths and weaknesses…” August & Shanahan (2006) “[Develop] new and improved assessments of the adolescent ELLs’ native language abilities, English language development and content knowledge learning.” Short & Fitzsimmons (2007)
Previous Research: SUMMARY • Inadequate Assessment • Inadequate Placement • Inadequate Instruction
The SIFE Research ProjectPhase I: 2005-2006Phase II: 2006-2008
Overall Goals • Characterize SIFE backgrounds • Assess SIFE academic competencies • Observe SIFE instructional settings • Track SIFE academic progress • Determine SIFE needs for HS graduation • Develop “pathway programs” to college • Make instructional recommendations
Our Research Questions • How do we identify SIFE? • What are the characteristics of this population? • How do SIFE differ from other ELLs? • What academic competencies do SIFE bring to school in the US? • What are their native language (NL) literacy skills? • What is their academic knowledge? • What are the academic needs of SIFE?
Overview of Method Participants: • 12 new SIFE in 9th grade • 2 high schools • Native language: Spanish Materials: • Batería III Woodcock Muñoz : Individual Assessment of Literacy and Content Knowledge • Questionnaire • Classroom Observations Methods: • Individual case studies • Group data
Phase I: Summary of Results • Average Reading comprehension: 3rd grade • Average Math: 3rd – 4th grade • Average Science and Social Science: 1st – 2nd grade • Some students have no gaps in schooling • Students respond better in sheltered classes
Phase I: Conclusions SIFE differ from other ELLs • In addition to mastery of English, SIFE need foundationalskills in their native language to take them to grade level: • Reading skills • Content area knowledge
Phase I: Recommendations • Use SIFE diagnostics system-wide • Include“gaps in NL foundational skills” • Increase native language support • Provide intensive ESL from beginning • Use sheltered classes
Current Research Plan 18 month Longitudinal Study Participants: • 103 students identified as SIFE • 9th and 10th grade • Native language: Spanish Schools: • 5 NYC high schools • Varying types of programs and instruction
Data Collection • Quantitative: • Intake and exit questionnaire (Spanish) • Versant (Oral Spanish and English) • Basic Syntax Comprehension (Spanish and English typical language development) • Diagnostics (Spanish and English reading and content) • Benchmark comparisons (State and city-mandated tests) • Qualitative: • Classroom observations • Teacher and student interviews • Student work samples
Oral Questionnaire Intake • Personal and Language Information • Family and Home Background • Education History • Language and Literacy Practices • Transition to School in US Exit • Experience in School
Other Questionnaire Results • Most are from the Dominican Republic, Mexico or Honduras. • Most live in the U.S. with only one parent and have family members in their country of origin. • Most report high school as highest level of education among family members in U.S.
Oral Language: Versant • Measures • Vocabulary • Sentence Mastery • Fluency • Examples: repetition of sentences, story recall, answering questions
Versant Results by Component Overall Mean % Correct = 79, SD = 16
Basic Syntax Comprehension • Sentence: The bear tells the monkey to dance, and he does. • Oración:El oso le ordena al mono bailar, y así lo hace. Mean % Correct = 89, SD = 12
Literacy and Content Diagnostic Cumulative assessment from 1st to 7th grade • Basic literacy • Word level reading • Literacy • Language, vocabulary and reading comprehension • Math • Procedures and problem solving • Science and Social Science NOTE: Items carefully selected for appropriateness
Basic Literacy Results First Grade • Phonological & Orthographic Awareness • Word Reading • Simple Sentence Comprehension Mean % Correct = 96, SD = 4.5
Language Components • Language Mechanics • Capitalization • Usage • Punctuation • Language Expression • Sentence Structure • Prewriting • Content and Organization
Language Example Grade level 4: Language mechanics - usage
Reading Vocabulary • Synonyms - recognize a synonym for a printed word • Multiple-meaning words - determine the meaning of words with multiple meanings in a given context • Context Clues - use context clues to assign meaning to an unknown word
Reading Vocabulary Example Grade 4: Context Clues
Reading Comprehension • Basic Understanding: • Recall factual information • Identify relevance • Thinking Skills (Inferencing): • Analysis and synthesis • Classification and sequencing • Comparison and contrast • Cause and effect, fact and opinion, implied relevance • Conclusions, predictions, and hypotheses
Reading Comprehension Example Grade Level 5: Thinking Skills
Reading Vocabulary – Reading Comprehension Relationship significant positive correlation between reading vocabulary and reading comprehension r = .578, p < .001
Summary of Diagnostics LITERACY • Students seem to have word level reading skills BUT are not at grade level in higher level reading skills: • Typical reading vocabulary level: 5th – 7th grade • Typical reading comprehension level: 3rd grade
Summary of Diagnostics CONTENT • Students Lack Academic Content Knowledge • Typical math level: 3rd grade and below • Typical science level: below lowest grade tested • Typical social science: below lowest grade tested
Comparison Groups • Native English Speaker Groups: • 9th and 10th Graders • Community College West Indian English and AAVE speakers • Regular ELLs Group: • 9th-12th Graders • Spanish-English Bilingual Group: • “Pathway Program” in a Community College