160 likes | 169 Views
Explore the significant shift in technology, labor, and social structures during the 18th-century Industrial Revolution, focusing on key inventions, working conditions, urban growth, and global impacts. From the rise of factories and steam engines to the challenges faced by laborers, delve into this transformative period that laid the foundation for modern industrialized societies.
E N D
What is the Industrial Revolution? • A great increase in output of machine-made goods during the 18th century. • Transformed the political and diplomatic landscape of Europe. • Before largely dominated rural and handcrafted economy • Revolution=technology changes, social changes, new organization of human labor
Agriculture Revolution • 1700 first change in farming methods (England) • Open field growth changed to enclosed fields • Crop Rotation • Stock Breading • Small farms bought up by wealthy landowners • Food supply increase, living conditions improve, population increase
Why did the Industrial Revolution first take hold in Britain? • No civil strife or invading of armies (French Revolution) • Relatively good and stable government • Had factors of production (land, labor, capital) • Presence of a large middle class • People invested and drove to be better • No trade taxes like continental Europe • Rich in natural resources needed for industrialization (water, coal, iron ore, rivers, harbors for ships)
Technology changes since 1700 • Modern cotton industry • Before 4 to 5 spinners needed to keep up with one cotton loom
With invention of new machine to spin, the revolution took off • Inventors: John Kay (flying shuttle, James Hagreaves (Spinning Jenny), Eli Whitney (Cotton wheel) • Large machines required a factory to put them in
Technology changes since 1700Continued • Steam Engine • Transportation • Water, iron, coal become energy sources • Railroad= expanded market for factories, cheap way to transport, new jobs created, boost agriculture industry • Automobile in U.S.
Communication • Alexander Graham Bell-Telephone • Radio
Working Conditions in Factories • Goal: keep things running • 14hrs. / day, 6 day / week • Dangerous working environments • Women and children made up over half of the labor force
Changes in Social Patterns • City growth=shift towards cities because of factories • Living condition bad=no sanitary codes, no building codes, lack adequate housing, education, protection. • New class created=working class • All men and women in mills and factories • Class tensions due to living conditions: middle class (professional workers live good)
England vs. Continental Europe and U.S. • England • 1860 produce 20% of industrial goods • Population increase 9 to 21 million • Took inventions to Europe • No wars going on • Highly developed transportation system • France / Continental Europe • Gap in production due to Napoleon Wars • Much larger and fewer rivers for navigation • Need and want to adopt “Britain’s Miracle” • Belgium has high contents of iron and coal • Germany builds railroads
England vs. Continental Europe and U.S. • United States • Same resources as England • Wanted fast ways to do things • Moses Brown—created first factories • Textile first—clothing production • 1865 end of civil war—boom of industry in northeast • Boost in inventions—telephone, light bulb, railroad
World Impact • Wide gap between industrialized and non-industrialized countries • Imperialism develops=policy of extending one countries rule over many lands • Aggressive pursuit of foreign colonies for economic purposes • Settlement rather than exploration • Successful wars and foreign conquest • Western world break off from the rest of the world
***Factories, steam engines, railroads, children working, women working…..these were the biggest things to come out of the Industrial Revolution