HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY for COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

1. HUMAN ANATOMY &PHYSIOLOGYforCOMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

2. GENERAL HUMAN ANATOMY

3. PERSPECTIVES • The Classification of Humans • The Definition of Anatomy • Structural Levels of Organization • The Relationship of Structure to Function • The Systems of the Human Body

4. CLASSIFICATION OF HUMANS • Classification Scheme • Kingdom: Animalia • Phylum: Chordata • Subphylum: Vertebrata • Class: Mammalia • Order: Primate • Family: Hominidae • Genus: Homo • Species: Sapiens • Scientific Binominal:Homo sapiens

5. KINGDOM • 6 Recognized Kingdoms • Eubacteria • Archaebacteria • Protista • Fungi • Plantae • Animalia

6. EUBACTERIA • Characteristics • Prokaryotes • Unicellular • Microscopic • Kinds • Decomposers • Parasites • Some Photosynthetic • Some recycle nitrogen

7. ARCHAEBACTERIA • Characteristics • Prokaryotes • Unicellular • microscopic • Differ biochemically from Eubacteria • Kinds • Methanogens • Halophiles • Thermophiles

8. PROTISTA • Characteristics • Eukaryotes • Mostly unicellular • Kinds • Protozoa, Algae and Slime Molds

9. FUNGI • Characteristics • Eukaryotes • Heterotrophic • Absorb nutrients, do not photosynthesize • Kinds • Decomposers; some parasitic

10. PLANTAE • Characteristics • Eukaryotes • Multicellular • Photosynthetic • Kinds • Primary producers; important source of oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere

11. ANIMALIA Characteristics • Eukaryotes • Multicellular Organisms • Must eat other organisms for nourishment • High degree of tissue and body organization in complex animals • Motility • Complex Sense Organs • Nervous Systems • Muscular Systems

12. PHYLA of the Animal Kingdom • Range • from Simple (Phylum Protozoa) • to complex (Phylum Chordata) • Phylogeny = the study of Phyla • Ontogeny = the study of individual development • Embryology = the study of prenatal development • Classification requires the study of all phases of the life cycle

13. Phylum: Chordata • Characteristics • Dorsal hollow Nerve Cord • Notochord • Pharyngeal Pouches • Seen in all Chordates • In some, only present in the embryo • Must study embryology to properly classify

14. Dorsal hollow Nerve Cord • See in human embryos • Lies dorsal to the Notochord • Develops into the Brain and Spinal Cord of adults

15. Notochord • Flexible rod of tissue • Mid-dorsal • Position later occupied by the vertebral column • In adult, only remnants are inside intervertebral discs

16. Pharyngeal Pouches • Envaginations of pharyngeal walls • Gill slits in fish • In human adults, become: • Eustachian tube • Middle ear cavity • Tympanic membrane

17. Subphylum: Vertebrata • Characteristics • Animals with backbones • Forms a vertebral column • In most animals, largely replaces the notochord • Endoskeleton • Closed circulatory system • Paired kidneys that regulate fluid balance • Complete digestive system • Sexes typically separate

18. Subphylum: Vertebrata • Other Characteristics • Bilateral Symmetry • An animal can be sectioned into right and left haves; one the mirror image of the other • Segmentation • Tube-within-a-tube body plan • Body Cavities

19. Subphylum: Vertebrata • Other Characteristics • Bilateral Symmetry • Segmentation: • Tube-within-a-tube body plan • Body Cavities

20. Subphylum: Vertebrata • Other Characteristics • Bilateral Symmetry • Segmentation • Tube-within-a-tube body plan: • Tube formed by digestive organs within the body • Body Cavities

21. Subphylum: Vertebrata • Other Characteristics • Bilateral Symmetry • Segmentation • Tube-within-a-tube body plan • Body Cavities: • Closed to the external environment • Contain internal organs

22. Body Cavities: Dorsal • Cranial Cavity • Houses the Brain • Vertebral Canal • Houses the Spinal Cord

23. Body Cavities: Ventral(Lateral View) • Thoracic Cavity • Abdominopelvic Cavity (contains the “viscera”) • Abdominal Cavity • Pelvic Cavity • Lined by serous membranes

24. Body Cavities: Thoracic(Anterior View) • Mediastinum: a potential space that contains the heart, great vessels, trachea, esophagus, etc • Plural Cavities: contain the lungs • Pericardial Cavity: contains the heart

25. Serous Cavities • Ventral Body Cavity • Lined by a serous membrane, or Serosa • Parietal serosa: forms outer wall of cavity • Visceral serosa: covers the visceral organs • Serous fluid • Secreted by the membranes • Is slick; reduces friction

26. Serous Pericardium • Around the Heart • Parietal Pericardium • Visceral Pericardium • Pericardial Cavity • Filled with serous fluid

27. The Plural Cavities • Around the Lungs • Parietal Pleura: • lines walls of thoracic cavity • Visceral Pleura: • covers each lung

28. The Peritoneal Cavity • Around some abdominopelvic organs • Contained within the abdominopelvic cavity • Parietal Peritoneum • Covers wall of abdominopelvic cavity • Visceral Peritoneum • Covers organs of the peritoneal cavity • Some organs are retroperitoneal

29. Abdominal Divisions • Quadrants: 4 • Right Upper Quadrant • Right Lower Quadrant • Left Upper Quadrant • Left Lower Quadrant

30. Abdominal Divisions • Regions: 9 • Rt Hypochondriac region • Rt Lumbar region • Rt Iliac (Inguinal) region • Epigastric region • Umbilical region • Hypogastric (Pubic) region • Lt Hypochondriac region • Lt Lumbar region • Lt Iliac (Inguinal) region

31. Other Cavities • Oral cavity • Nasal cavity • Orbital cavities • Middle ear cavities • Synovial cavities

32. PERSPECTIVES • The Classification of Humans • The Definition of Anatomy • Structural Levels of Organization • The Relationship of Structure to Function • The Systems of the Human Body

33. THE DEFINITION OF ANATOMY • Anatomy • Greek=to cut up, or dissect • The science that deals with the structure of the body • Kinds: • Gross Anatomy • Microscopic Anatomy • Developmental Anatomy • Comparative Anatomy

34. Gross Anatomy • Definition: • That which can be seen with the naked eye • Kinds: • Regional: • body studied by area • Systematic: • body studied by system

35. Microscopic Anatomy • Definition: • That which can be seen with the assisted eye • Kinds: • Cytology: • The study of cells • Histology: • The study of tissues • Organology: • The study of organs

36. Developmental Anatomy • Definition: • The study of anatomical changes in a life cycle • Kinds: • Embryology: • The study of prenatal development • Postnatal development: • The study of structures after birth • Ontogeny: • Total development of an individual

37. Comparative Anatomy • Definition: • Comparison of structures between organisms • Kinds: • Vertebrate: • Comparison of structures among the vertebrate classes • Phylogeny: • The study of phyla, and their relationships

38. Physiology • The scientific discipline that studies the function of body structures. • Structure and function cannot be completely separated. • Form is related to function

39. History of Anatomy • In Western Civilization: began around the Mediterranean Sea • Mesopotamia • The Greeks • Hippocrates (~400 B.C.): Father of Medicine • Aristotle (384-322 B.C.): structure and function • Alexandria in Egypt • First Medical School, cadaver dissection • Herophilus (300 B.C.): Father of Anatomy • Rome (after Alexandria fell) • Galen (A.D. 130-201): “the supreme authority”

40. History • After the Fall of Rome (476 A.D.): the dark ages • Medical knowledge saved by Byzantium and the Islamic world • monasteries • 1200’s • Out of the dark ages • Medical schools in Solerno, Bologna Italy • 1400’s: Renaissance • Leonardo de Vinci (1452-1519) • Vesalius: the “Reformer of Anatomy” (1514-1564) • Based on cadaver dissection again; corrected Galen • The father of modern anatomy • The emergence of modern medicine

41. PERSPECTIVES • The Classification of Humans • The Definition of Anatomy • Structural Levels of Organization • The Relationship of Structure to Function • The Systems of the Human Body

42. STRUCTURAL LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION • Chemical • Cellular • Tissue • Organ • System • Organism

43. PERSPECTIVES • The Classification of Humans • The Definition of Anatomy • Structural Levels of Organization • The Relationship of Structure to Function • The Systems of the Human Body

44. MAJOR FUNCTIONS • Metabolism: sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body • Anabolism: building; requires energy • Catabolism: break-down; releases energy • Excitability/Conductivity: • Contractility • Growth and Development • Reproduction

45. PERSPECTIVES • The Classification of Humans • The Definition of Anatomy • Structural Levels of Organization • The Relationship of Structure to Function • The Systems of the Human Body

46. Integumentary System • Components • Skin • Hair, nails • Function • External covering • Protection • Synthesis of Vitamin D • Location of Sense receptors

47. Skeletal System • Components • Bones • Joints and adjacent cartilages • Function • Support • Protection • Movement • Blood cell production (red bone marrow) • Mineral storage (calcium and phosphorus)

48. Muscular System • Components • Skeletal Muscles • Associated Connective Tissues (tendons) • Function • Locomotion • Manipulation of the environment • Facial expression (communication) • Maintain posture • Produce heat

49. Circulatory System • Components • Cardiovascular System • Lymphatic System • Function • Transportation of materials • Within the body • To and from internal and external environments

50. Cardiovascular System • Components • Heart • Vessels • Function • Transportation of blood • Blood contains O2 andCO2, nutrients, wastes, etc. • Blood composed of plasma and cells