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The Enlightenment

Discover the influential Enlightenment thinkers who challenged societal norms and advocated for social, political rights such as reason, liberty, and progress. Their ideas continue to shape our modern world.

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The Enlightenment

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  1. The Enlightenment Thinkers

  2. Aka: Age of Reason. • From 1620’s to 1780’s • The term enlightenment or reason means: thought/to think. • Men and Women apply theories discovered during the Scientific Revolution upon the aspects of human society: Government, religion, economics, and education. • ‘Man can know everything’…

  3. Thomas Hobbes I’ve seen some crazy things man!

  4. Thomas Hobbes • His thought was affected by English Civil War - All humans were “naturally selfish and wicked” - If continued, life would be “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short” • Style of Government • Man signs a “Social Contract” between himself and their ruler who held all power. • This idea showed us that man has the right to choose its government. • “Leviathan” would impose order and obedience.

  5. Check out my cool crown! That’s how I rule!

  6. John Locke We are each born with a clean slate. Because we reason, we can grow and learn from our experiences.

  7. J. LO. Really? A history joke? Why am I up here?

  8. John Locke (J LO) • Held more positive view of life. • Man is reasonable, can learn from their mistakes, and rule him-self. • Man is free and equal with Natural Rights: Life, Liberty and Property. • Government is meant to protect the people, if not…overthrow it!

  9. The Enlightenment Continues into the 1700’s • The Philosophes • French thinkers who continued the Age of Reason • Philosophy made up of 5 core concepts: 1. Reason (Right to Think) 2. Nature 3. Happiness 4. Progress (The Search for Knowledge) 5. Liberty

  10. Voltaire Women loved me! Even though I often preached that women are intellectually inferior to men! After finding a flaw in the French Lottery I exploited that flaw, and won over 41 million dollars!

  11. Voltaire (the fighter of personal rights) • Named: Francois Marie Arouet. • ‘The pen is mightier than the sword’ • Made many enemies through the various writings. • Criticized the Church, Government, and Nobles. • He fought for tolerance, reason, freedom of speech and religion.

  12. “Ecrasez l’infame”

  13. Jean Jacque Rousseau My mother died during my birth! But thank God I have my father! Right Dad? Daddy? Daddy? Where are you??

  14. Rousseau (Champion of Freedom) • Society corrupts peoples natural goodness. • “Man is born free and everywhere he is in chains” • Freedom of man was crushed by the Strong (king, aristocrats) w/ their unjust laws. • The best government is one freely formed by the people. (direct democracy) - Social Contract: People allow Government to Govern. - Ideas inspired French Revolution

  15. Baron de Montesquieu I wrote countless books offending the French King and his court. But I got away with it! I modeled my political branches after England's 3 wait!? 2 branches?

  16. Baron de Montesquieu • Government should be balanced among three groups: 1. King (Executive) 2. Parliament (Legislative) 3. Courts (Judicial) Montesquieu called this the Separation of Powers. • “power should be a check of power” • ‘checks and balances’ • both found in our US Constitution.

  17. Cesare Beccaria Why do we punish criminals? Is it for their benefit or for ours? Ciao!

  18. Beccaria (Criminal Justice) • Laws exist to preserve social order, not to avenge crimes. • Fought for the following 1. No torturing the witness, suspect 2. Right to a speedy trial 3. No cruel and unusual punishment 4. Stopping Capital Punishment (state executions) • Greatly affected our US judicial system

  19. Mary Wollstonecraft I have so many demons in my mind! Women are strong and should be considered equal to men!

  20. Wollstonecraft • Fought for the rights of women. • Women would advance themselves with education. - If mothers, Education would make them better mothers - If doctors, Education would make them better doctors… • Women should participate in politics • “Let women share the rights and they shall emulate the virtues of men”.

  21. Daughter of Wollstonecraft Do I have something on my face?

  22. Where are these ideas today? • These thinkers all influenced our most important United States documents: - The Dec. of Independence - The U.S. Constitution - The U.S. Bill of Rights

  23. Class Summary: • The area of Enlightenment took place in Europe between (Time Period) ______ to ______. During this time period, philosophes such as (Name Three) _____, _____, and ______ argued for important social, political rights such as (Three Important Concepts) _____, _____, and ______. These thinkers also encouraged society to (Two Examples) _____, and ______. Finally, Enlightenment ideas still shape our modern world. Many of these concepts are found in the (Two Documents) ______ and ______.

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