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Syntactic Structures and Transformational Rules

Exploring syntactic categories through sentence analysis, understand deep and surface structures, transformational rules, ambiguous sentences, and embedded clauses in English language syntax.

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Syntactic Structures and Transformational Rules

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  1. Syntax 3rd class Chapter 4

  2. Syntactic Categories • That glass suddenly broke. • A jogger ran toward the end of the lane. • These dead trees might block the road. • The detective quickly looked through the records. • The peaches appear quite ripe. • Jack will play the trumpet and the drums in the orchestra.

  3. Review: Types of Verbs • She is feeling funny. • The hurricane destroyed the city last month. • She gave me her car. • The glass broke. • Someone broke the glass. • I didn’t realize that you were still here.

  4. Ambiguous sentences (Structural ambiguity) • I shot an elephant in my underwear. • The cat chased the big dog in the park. • He saw the robber with binoculars.

  5. Embedded sentences • I think that you should go to the party.

  6. Embedded sentences • Paul realized that Maria fed the baby.

  7. Transformational Rules • Is the man working? (surface structure) • The man is working. (deep structure) • Can you help me? • You can help me.

  8. Transformational Rules • Will you talk to Peter? • Should I stay? • What will you talk about? • What do you want?

  9. Rules • S  NP Aux VP • NP  (Det) (AP) N (PP) • VP  V (NP) (PP) (Adv) (CP) • PP  P NP • AP  Adj (PP) • CP  Comp S

  10. Relative clauses • The person who answers this question will win $100. • I gave my hat to the nurse who helped me cut my hair. • Give this fork to the person I’m getting the pie for.

  11. (who) • The person [(the person) answers this question] will win $100. Subject of main clause Subject of relative clause

  12. Subject of main clause • The man bought my car. The man paid cash.  • The man [the man bought my car] paid cash. who Subject of relative clause

  13. Subject of main clause • The policewoman arrested the man. I told this information to the policewoman.  • The policewoman [I told this information to the policewoman] arrested the man. who(m)/that Object of preposition

  14. I despise the man who bought my car. • I despise the man. The man bought my car.  • I despise the man who bought my car.

  15. The man who bought my car paid cash. S NP Aux VP Det N CP C S NP Aux VP Det N V NP V NP Det N N The man [the man +past bought my car] +past paid cash

  16. The man who bought my car paid cash. S NP Aux VP Det N CP C S NP Aux VP V NP V NP Det N N The man [who t +past bought my car] +past paid cash

  17. The policewoman [ that/who I told this information to]arrested the man. S NP Aux VP Det N CP C S NP Aux VP N V NP PP V NP +past Det N P NP Det N Det N The woman [I told this information to the woman] +pst arrested the man. DEEP STRUCTURE

  18. The policewoman [that/who I told this information to] arrested the man. S NP Aux VP Det N CP C S NP Aux VP N V NP PP V NP Det N P NP Det N The woman [that I told this information to t] +pst arrested the man. SURFACE STRUCTURE +past

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