Striving for Independence: India, Africa, and Latin America, 1900-49

1. Striving for Independence: India, Africa, and Latin America, 1900-49

2. The Indian Independence movement, 1905-1947 • The Land and the People • Classes and Languages – growth created pressures, less land • Peasants (majority) – over taxed, Maharajahs (ruling princes) – protected • English = common language of western educated • Religion – Hindu center with Muslim sides • British Rule and Indian Nationalism • Viceroy & Indian Civil Service • Indian National Congress – founded in 1885 • 1905 – British divide Bengal Province in two, putting Hindu at disadvantage in east • 1906 – All-India Muslim League – Muhammad Ali Jinnah • 1911 – Brits moved capital – Calcutta to Delhi (Mughal capital) = wake-up call • Indian Steel Industry – symbolic hope for independence • WWI left promises of self-rule, upon return, outbreaks of violence • 1919 – Rowlatt Act = denial of habeas corpus, no public protests allowed • 1919 – Amritsar Massacre – Brits open fire on peaceful protestors killing 1,200

3. The Indian Independence movement, 1905-1947…continued • Mahatma Gandhi and Militant Nonviolence • Mahatma = Great Soul, western educated lawyer, cut his teeth in South Africa • Ahimsa (nonviolence) + Satyagraha (search for the truth) = nonviolent civil disobedience • Wore homespun, brought independence ideas to the peasant (majority) • Salt March to protest British tax on salt • When jailed = protested via fasting. Every arrest made him more popular. • India moves toward independence • Jawaharlal Nehru – Indian National Congress, working toward creating industrial India • Viceroy of India declares war (WWII) without consulting Indians • WWII a dividing time amongst Indians, who to support, who to protest • Partition and Independence (post WWII) • Muhammad Ali Jinnah – demands separate state of Pakistan (E&W) for Muslims • 1947 – two states established, mass relocation causes riots and deaths • Kashmir – Hindu maharajah, Muslim people – still a hotspot today

4. Sub-Saharan Africa, 1900-45 • Colonial Africa: Economic and Social Changes • African Farmers – few profit from high price cocoa & palm oil • African Health – modern technology brought, migrant workers spread disease • Religious and Political changes • Christianity & Islam schools – Christian (West & South), Islam (East & South) • Islam fit more with traditional African polygamy • Senegal – Blaise Diagne elected to French National Assembly – advocate for African rights • African National Congress – founded by western educated Africans to defend interests • Africa in WWII – Haile Selassie (Ethiopia) takes on Italians, • Like India, Africans return from WWII changed, looking for independence

5. Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil, 1900-49 • Background to Revolution: Mexico in 1910 • 1% owned 85% of land (haciendas), US & Brits owned rails & industry • Indians (non-Spanish speaking), Mestizos worked the haciendas • Porfirio Diaz = “Liberty (for rich), Order (corrupt political machine), Progress (Foreign)” • Mexico City great, everywhere else, bad • Revolution and civil war in Mexico • Francisco Madero – minor uprisings cause government to collapse, Diaz gone • General Huerta overthrows Madero, Prez Wilson sends US troops to Veracruz • Carranza (landowner) and Obregon (teacher) overthrow Huerta • Zapata – Indian farmer raids haciendas in south • Pancho Villa – Raids haciendas in north • Constitution of 1917 – lofty ideas • Universal suffrage, one term president, • Restrictions on foreign land ownership • Minimum wage and maximum hours • Public education (free from catholic church)

6. Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil, 1900-49…continued • President Obregon succeeded by Calles who founded National Revolutionary Party (PNR) • PNR – collection point for working out ideas of revolution • President Cardenas – redistributed land, removed generals from government positions, nationalized oil industry • Art flourishes – murals and painting: Clemente Orozco, Diego Rivera, and Frida Kahlo • Transformation of Argentina • Most of Argentina pampas = flat fertile land • Oligarquia – ruled by small group of wealthy land owners that lived in Buenos Aires • British allowed to run domestic industries, US & Britain supply manufactured goods • Brazil & Argentina to 1929 • Before WWI = coffee, cacao, and rubber • Rio de Janeiro the city of choice • Collapse of rubber (lost to SE Asia) and WWI, middle class elect HipolitoIrigoyen • US replaces Europeans as supplier of manufactured goods • Post WWI – Trade with Europe resumes, middle class push for reforms, take over industry • South America still lags behind US & European technologically

7. Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil, 1900-49…continued • The Depression and the Vargas Regime in Brazil • Argentina & Brazil go towards authoritarian regimes to solve economic problems • Getulio Vargas (a bad loser) – coup, puts Brazil on industrial path • The environment – Favelas (slums) occupy hillsides • Vargas’s legacy – when failing to win reelection, another coup = Caudillo • Argentina after 1930 • Gen Uriburu overthrows Irigoyen (1930), Col Peron overthrows Uriburu (1943) • Eva Peron champions the descamisados (“shirtless ones” – urban workers) • Spends heavily on social programs, when wife dies (1952), loses election.