The struggle to maintain a balance of power was at the heart of the Civil War .

1. U.S. Civil War and Reconstruction The struggleto maintain abalance ofpowerwas attheheartof the Civil War. Theeffectsof Reconstruction left unresolved theissueoftrue equality.

2. In the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution, people had to compromise to form “a more perfect union”. However, unresolved issues would divide the U.S. and foretell stormy times.

3. Imagine the wind blowing across the prairies and through your hair. When the winds are calm, you can barely notice them; however, when the winds become more furious, great damage may occur.

4. The Civil War can be imagined as a tornado.

5. Founding Father, James Madison stated: “It seemed now to be pretty well understood that the real difference of interests lay not between the large and the small but betweenthe Northern and the Southern states.”

6. The events that caused the Civil War continued to accelerate resulting in the nation’s bloodiest war, a war of brothers against brothers that changed the face of the United States.

7. Industrial North Agricultural South Each section (North and South) had different lifestyles and needs. The struggle to maintain the balance of power became more difficult.

8. The following events fed the growing storm. • Missouri Compromise - 1820 • Compromise of 1850 • Kansas-Nebraska Act - “Bleeding Kansas”- 1854 • Dred Scott Decision - 1857 • John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry, Virginia - 1859 • Lincoln elected the first Republican president - 1860

9. Politicians like Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun and Daniel Webster struggled to maintain a balance of power through compromises. However, differences finally erupted into a violent storm.

10. If Lincoln got elected,South Carolina threatened to secede. The balance needed to maintain peace was strained beyond repair. The Election of 1860 caused great concern. The winds began to blow.

11. The two ways of life forced the nation apart, and neither side would compromise.

12. After the election of 1860, the South used the Tenth Amendment, (states’ rights) to justify secession. On February 18, eleven Southern states, formed the Confederate States of America. The CSA capitol was established in Richmond, Virginia. Jefferson Davis was elected president.

13. Notice the huge gap! The South is gone. The United States of America (Union) Often referred to as the Yanks, the North had many nicknames. Billy Yank, the Blue, and the Federals were popular during the war.

14. The Confederate States of America (CSA) Nicknames for the South included Rebels and Johnny Reb.

15. On April 12,1861, Ft. Sumter, in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina was attacked. The winds of war howled and the U.S. Civil War began. It was a “bloodless opening to the bloodiest war in American history”.

16. People from every walk of life were faced with the choice... North or South. Some families were split with sons on both sides. V.

17. Many battles were fought with death and destruction on both sides. The winds of war whipped across the nation. The land, the hearts and soul of the nation were ripped apart. The Burning of Atlanta

18. On January 1, 1863, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, a formal order declaring slaves in Confederate states to be free. “The time came when I felt that slavery must die so that the nation might live.”

19. The winds changed in the summer of 1863 when about 90,000 Union troops met 75,000 Confederate troops near Gettysburg,Pennsylvania. Confederate leader George Pickett led 15,000 soldiers in a charge, but they were met with Union gunners.

20. The Union won at Gettysburg, but the losses were staggering. Gettysburg is considered the turning point in the Civil War. From this point on, Lee would never invade the North again.

21. On July 4, 1863, the very same day the Union won at Gettysburg, the southern port of Vicksburg, Mississippi fell to Grant. This victory accomplished a Union strategy- another turning point - control of the Mississippi River.

22. The struggle for power ended on April 9, 1865, at Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia. Union General U.S. Grant accepted a surrender from Confederate General Robert E. Lee to end the war. The McClean house, Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia

23. The process of rebuilding the nation was called Reconstruction.

24. Lincoln’s goal was to unite the nation. His Ten Percent Plan was considered lenient. • The plan included the following: • former Confederates had to take an oath to support the Constitution, and the 13th amendment (abolishing slavery in the U.S.) • when 10% of a state’s voters took the oath, that state could reenter the Union.

25. Lincoln never saw his plan implemented. On April 14, 1865, he was assassinated at Ford’s Theater in Washington D.C.

26. Andrew Johnson became president and his goal was to keep a similar Reconstruction plan to Lincoln’s. CongressionalRadical Republicanswere opposed to a lenient reconstruction plan. These Radicals wanted to punish the South for the war.

27. Radical Republicans had their own plan for Reconstruction. • The Reconstruction Act of 1867: • divided the South into 5 military districts • new Southern constitutions had to be written • guaranteed freedmen (former slaves) citizenship • guaranteed freedman voting rights 13th Amendment- freed all slaves 14th Amendment- defined citizenship and extended it to blacks 15th Amendment-gave blacks the right to vote

28. It was difficult for Southerners to accept the freedmen as equals. Many southern states passed laws to deny the freedmen their civil rights. The effects of Reconstruction left unresolved the issue of true equality. Americans continue to try to achieve true equality.

29. U.S. Civil War and Reconstruction The struggle to maintain a balance ofpower was at the heart of the Civil War. The effects of Reconstruction left unresolved the issue of true equality.