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The Age of Andrew Jackson Nationalism to Sectionalism. 1823 - 1860. Nationalism v. Sectionalism. NATIONALISM Devotion to one’s country People are willing to put interests of the nation before their own vs. SECTIONALISM Loyalty to a region or area
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The Age of Andrew Jackson Nationalism to Sectionalism 1823 - 1860
Nationalism v. Sectionalism NATIONALISM • Devotion to one’s country • People are willing to put interests of the nation before their own vs. SECTIONALISM • Loyalty to a region or area • Primary concern is for what helps “me” the most
Jacksonian Democracy1820’s Expansion of Democracy • States dropped property qualifications to vote → Universal adult white male suffrage • Rotation in office gave more people the opportunity to serve in government • Spoils system • “To the victor belongs the spoils” • Appointments were made on basis of political loyalties (not always on merit or ability) • National Nominating Convention replaced caucus as method to choose political party candidates • Return of the 2-party system
Increased “A White Man’s Democracy” • Slavery existed • Women had no political or legal rights • Native Americans lost rights and land
Election of 1824 • All candidates were Republicans • Only real issue in the campaign was the character of the candidates
“The Corrupt Bargain” • Deal between JQ Adams and Clay • Clay would encourage “his states” to vote for Adams when the House of Representatives voted, if Adams would appoint Clay to be Secretary of State
Jackson supporters were outraged • Jackson had received the greatest number of popular votes and the greatest number of electoral votes, but Adams was chosen to be President • Jackson supporters felt they had been “robbed”; vowed to get Jackson elected the next time
Election of 1828 • Andrew Jackson v. John Quincy Adams • Only issue – personalities • Jackson won after a campaign filled with mud-slinging and name calling • “Revolution of 1828” • 3 times the number of voters than in previous election
Frontiersman – not from Virginia or Massachusetts Common man could identify with him – believed they had elected “one of their own”; lacked a formal education War hero – Battle of New Orleans Indian fighter – fought the Creek in Tennessee and the Seminoles in Florida Why was Andrew Jackson so popular?... “The People’s President”
Jackson’s Cabinet • Official Cabinet • Political new-comers; not much help to Jackson • Kitchen Cabinet • Jackson’s friends who met with him in the Kitchen of the White House; gave him honest, straight-forward advice
Issues in the Jackson Administration • Nullification and the Tariff • The Bank of the United States • Removal of the Indians
Opinions • North – supported to protect developing industries and jobs • South – opposed because it raised prices and few industries were located in the South • West – sided with North; success tied to success of the North • Tariff of Abominations • 1828 High protective tariff – lowered in 1832 but not enough to please some (South).
Nullification • Define: the act of canceling a law (usually a state canceling a national law) • South Carolina Exposition and Protest – written by J.C. Calhoun • Expressed the states’ rights philosophy that if the states created the union the states had the right to decide whether or not to accept laws passed by the national government
South Carolina declared the tariff “null & void” in the state and warned they would secede from the Union if the national gov’t attempted to collect the tariff. FORCE BILL • Congress authorized President Jackson to collect the tariff by using military force
Compromise Tariff of 1833 • Arranged by Henry Clay (The “Great Compromiser”) • Gradually lowered the tariff over 10 year period • Accepted by all sides • (But just to prove the point, South Carolina nullified the Force Bill) • Andrew Jackson ignored SC action
Opinions • North – generally supported the BUS – provided money for industrialization • South – generally opposed the BUS – symbol of the wealthy & powerful central government; preferred local, state banks • West – generally opposed the BUS – didn’t favor farmers
The Bank of the United States • Why was it “the Monster”? • Powerful institution used by the wealthy and the industries to make a profit • Jackson hated the BUS and vowed to veto the re-charter when it came up in 1836
Why was the Bank charter rescheduled for 1832 (when it was originally scheduled for 1836)? • To make it an election year issue for Andrew Jackson and force Jackson to take a stand; that was the only hope Clay had to defeat Jackson • Veto – lose support of North • Not Veto – lose support of South & West • What action concerning the Bank did President Jackson take? • He vetoed the re-charter
What was the result of the Election of 1832? • Jackson won by a wide margin • Saw that as a sign from the people that they approved of his veto and he took steps to “kill the Bank” • Jackson ordered the Secretary of the Treasury to remove gov’t deposits from the BUS • “Pet Banks” • Were specially selected state banks that would hold the gov’t money • More sympathetic to farmers
Indian Removal Policy • 1830 – Congress passed the Indian Removal Act – forced resettlement to the west of the Mississippi River • Cherokee Nation v. Georgia – 1831 • Supreme Court ruled that the Cherokee were not a foreign nation and had no right to sue in federal court
Worcester v. Georgia – 1832 • Supreme Court ruled that Georgia law had no authority on Cherokee land • Native Americans were not a state matter • Jackson refused to enforce the Court’s order • “John Marshall made his decision, now let him enforce it” • Cherokee won the case but ended up losing the land and were force westward along what is known as the “Trail of Tears”
