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The Future of the Very Broadband Sensor

This paper discusses the future of the Very Broadband Sensor (VBB), the cornerstone of the Global Seismic Network (GSN). It explores current research on topics such as fundamental mode peaks, elastic structure, tomographic models, and mantle density variations. The paper also provides an overview of a workshop held in 2004, which brought together experts from various fields to discuss the challenges and potential solutions for the future of VBB sensors.

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The Future of the Very Broadband Sensor

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  1. The Future of the Very Broadband Sensor S. Ingate (IRIS) J. Berger (UCSD) J. Collins (WHOI) W. Farrell (SAIC) J. Fowler (IRIS) P. Herrington (DoE) R. Hutt (USGS) B. Romanowicz (UCB) S. Sacks (Carnegie) F. Vernon (UCSD) E. Wielandt (Stuttgart) The Future of the Very Broadband Sensor S. Ingate, et al.

  2. The future of the VBB sensor Should we worry? Yes! The Future of the Very Broadband Sensor S. Ingate, et al.

  3. The VBB sensor is the cornerstone of the GSN • Current research includes: • “Hum” (fundamental mode peaks 2-7 mHz) • Low & odd degree elastic structure (e.g., density, Q, etc) from free oscillations • Tomographic models at level 2 & 4 heterogeneity from normal modes • Lower mantle lateral density variations • Rate of relative motion of inner core The Future of the Very Broadband Sensor S. Ingate, et al.

  4. The Challenge The Future of the Very Broadband Sensor S. Ingate, et al.

  5. Workshop! • 69 attendees • Govt, industry, academe, NGOs • US, Germany, Japan, Canada, France, UK, Russia • Seismologists, physicists, engineers, inventors, managers, owners • Broadband Seismometer WorkshopGranlibakken Conference CenterTahoe City, CaliforniaMarch 24-26, 2004 The Future of the Very Broadband Sensor S. Ingate, et al.

  6. Akito Araya Earthquake Research Institute Bruce Banerdt Jet Propulsion Laboratory Noel Barstow PASSCAL Intrument Center Anatoly Baryshnikov Res Inst. of Pulse Technique (NIIIT) Jon Berger SIO, University of California San Diego Rhett Butler IRIS Stephane Cacho Kinemetrics Peter Chang University of Maryland John Clinton California Institute of Technology John Collins Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Peter Davis UCSD Dan DeBra Stanford University Riccardo DeSalvo Caltech Ronald Drever California Institute of Technology William Farrell SAIC Fred Followill Consultant Jim Fowler IRIS/PASSCAL Josef Frisch Stanford Linear Accelerator Center Jeffrey Gannon Applied MEMS, Inc. Ken Gledhill Inst. of Geol & Nuclear Sciences, New Zealand. Cansun Guralp Guralp Systems Ltd. Roger Hansen Geophysical Inst., Univ of Alaska Fairbanks Chris Hayward Southern Methodist University Pres Herrington SANDIA NATIONAL LABORATORIES Gary Holcomb Albuquerque Seismological Laboratory Robert Hutt USGS Albuquerque Seismological Laboratory Shane Ingate IRIS Gray Jensen U. S. Geological Survey Doug Johnson Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory (retired) Rick Kellogg Sandia National Laboratories Thomas Kenny Stanford Univ Design Division of Mech. Eng. James Kerr "Geotech Instruments, LLC" Alexei Kharlamov Moscow Inst. of Phys and Tech - MIPT/DPQE Richard Kromer Sandia National Laboratories Ogie Kuraica Kinemetircs Inc Charles Langston CERI, University of Memphis Brian Lantz Stanford Univ. Gabi Laske University of California San Diego Philippe Lognonné Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris David McClung Geotech Instruments Gregory Neuman Department of Defense Yujii Otake Earthquake Res. Inst., Univ. of Tokyo Jose Otero IGPP/UCSD Paul Passmore Refraction Technology, Inc. Bruce Pauly Digital Technology Associates / Guralp Systems Randall Peters Mercer University Physics Department Jay Pulliam University of Texas at Austin Barbara Romanowicz U.C. Berkeley, Berkeley Seism. Lab. Selwyn Sacks Carnegie Inst. of Washington Vern Sandberg Caltech LIGO Hanford Observatory John Scales Colorado School of Mines Robert Schendel Texas Components Corp. Joe Schrodt AFTAC Jim Scott University of Nevada, Reno Andrei Seryi Stanford Linear Accelerator Center Albert Smith Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, L-205 Neil Spriggs Nanometrics Ian Standley Kinemetrics, Inc. Brian Stump Southern Methodist University Akiteru Takamori Earthquake Res Inst, Univ of Tokyo Toby Townsend Sandia National Laboratories Richard Warburton GWR Instruments, Inc. Spahr Webb LDEO Daniel Whang UCLA Erhardt Wielandt Inst. of Geophys, Stuttgart Univ, Germany Mark Zumberge Inst of Geophysics and Planetary Physics The Real list of Authors The Future of the Very Broadband Sensor S. Ingate, et al.

  7. Breakout Group I • Requirements, Needs, and Wants • Geophysical (bandwidth, dynamic range, self-noise) • Borehole or vault design? Life-cycle of system? • Packaging (power, size, shape, operating temps) for different environments and survivability • How many will be needed? By whom (e.g., GSN/FDSN, regional networks, Universities, etc)? • What is threshold of pain for manufacturing cost? • Use new technology, or is the triaxial still OK? The Future of the Very Broadband Sensor S. Ingate, et al.

  8. Breakout Group II • New Ideas, Concepts, and Designs • Gather a summary of new ideas • What is their potential? How much will it cost to develop? How long? • Can they be manufactured reliably? At what cost? • Other factors such as reliability, OBS use, O&M costs? • Do they need to be complimented with other sensors? • Life-cycle of components? Will they be unrepairable in 10 years? The Future of the Very Broadband Sensor S. Ingate, et al.

  9. Breakout Group III • Testing and Testing Facilities • Who/where are current testing facilities? • How to test new designs (e.g. SCG, laser designs, etc)? • What is required to upgrade test facilities to support new designs? • Should test data be made public? • What are we missing (durability? The Future of the Very Broadband Sensor S. Ingate, et al.

  10. Breakout Group IV • Academic/Industrial Partnerships • Who are the key players? • What is an appropriate relationship? • Who would be interested? • If a graduate program in sensor design was develop, would industry be interested? How could they contribute? • Cross-market utilization? Other programs such as NEES, LIGO, SLA? The Future of the Very Broadband Sensor S. Ingate, et al.

  11. Breakout Group V • Educational Perspectives and Funding Strategies • Develop road-map for long-term research • Which funding agencies to target? • If NSF, how to engage ENG/GEO/OCE? Use of matched funding? • Develop graduate program in sensor design. How to encourage industry to participate? • Scale of graduate program? Duration, number of students, cost? • Can new designs be used in other educational programs? Schools? The Future of the Very Broadband Sensor S. Ingate, et al.

  12. Optical Displacement Transducers (Zumberge et al) Michelson interferometer & pendulum designs have self-noise below NLNM 50mHz - 100 Hz. Also horizontal long-baseline strainmeter. Gravity wave detectors measure 10e-18 m. Laser Interferometer Seismometer (Araya) Optical Tiltmeter (Araya) Laser Strainmeter (Araya) LIGO (DeSalvo) The Future of the Very Broadband Sensor S. Ingate, et al.

  13. Other Technologies Frame Inverted Pendulum Normal Pendulum Payload Flexures / Hinges 20 cm • Magnetic Levitation • By isolating barometric effects, should approach STS2 • Folded Pendulums • Used in accelerometers and gravity-wave detectors; need to minimise elastic contributions of flexures • Ring Laser Gyro • Installed at Black Forest, New Zealand and soon Pinon Flat, used to detect variations in G. UCSD will evaluate. • Martian Seismometers • Triaxials on a weight diet The Future of the Very Broadband Sensor S. Ingate, et al.

  14. Other Technologies II • MEMS • Full-scale 2 m/s/s, noise floor of 30x10e-9 g/√Hz, $2000 3-axis • Electrochemical (MET) • No springs, could be extended to 1000 sec with new “soft” membrane. Convective diffusion of electrolyte between electrodes is converted to electric current. Hydraulic impedance analogous to Nyquist noise of resistor. • Superconducting Gravimeter • Less noise than STS-1 (5e-3 nm/s), vertical, $100,000 The Future of the Very Broadband Sensor S. Ingate, et al.

  15. Emerging Technologies • SQUID Displacement Detector • Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices offer 100 x sensitivity than capacitive devices. • SLAC Strainmeter • Uses 200 remote-controlled fresnel lenses along a 3 km light tube to detect deformations over its length. Available for experiments. • Quartz Seismometer Suspension • Operate in magnetic environments (SLAC), close to STS-2 performance • Atomic Fountains • Cold atom fountains have accuracy of 10e-9 G, need to scale for geophysical measurements • Ferro-Fluid Suspension • Suspends magnetic mass to measure ground velocity. Needs to incorporate force-feedback The Future of the Very Broadband Sensor S. Ingate, et al.

  16. What next? • Report to NSF • Arrange for a presentation to NSF Officers • Within IRIS, continue to monitor emerging technologies • Continue dialog between IRIS, NSF, industry and international partners The Future of the Very Broadband Sensor S. Ingate, et al.

  17. More Information? • http://www.iris.edu/stations/seisWorkshop.htm The Future of the Very Broadband Sensor S. Ingate, et al.

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