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The Cold War

The Cold War. 1945-1952. Postwar Setting, 1945-1946. Demobilization and Reconversion End of the War “Alive in ’45” “no boats, no votes” 1947 22 nd Amendment to limit presidential terms to 2 Costs Psychological Divorce rate increased Feared unemployment Women back to “women’s jobs”

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The Cold War

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  1. The Cold War 1945-1952

  2. Postwar Setting, 1945-1946 • Demobilization and Reconversion • End of the War • “Alive in ’45” • “no boats, no votes” • 1947 • 22nd Amendment to limit presidential terms to 2 • Costs • Psychological • Divorce rate increased • Feared unemployment • Women back to “women’s jobs” • Reinforcement of women in the home • GI Bill of Rights • 1944 Serviceman’s Readjustment Act • Designed to: • Forestall expected recession • Reward soldiers • Reduce fear of female competition • Gave: • Priority for jobs • Occupational guidance • Unemployment (52 weeks) • Low-interest loans (VA) • Paid education • Results: • 2.2 million attended college • Huge cost to government • Repaid in taxes

  3. Truman’s Domestic Program • Legislation • 21 point program • Employment Act 1946 • Only legislation passed • Committed to economic growth • Goal full employment • “Peace is Hell” • Inflation • Demand outran supply • Severe problem • OPA, Truman lost control • Weak measures • Labor strikes • United Mine Workers 45 days • Loss of support • “To err is Truman” • Everyone against him • Anti-communists • Labor • Civil Rights • Women • 80th Congress • Reversal of New Deal • Wagner Act 1935 • Restricted unionist activities • GOP tore it apart • Taft-Hartley Act • Banned closed shop • Loyalty oaths • “cooling off” periods • Labor now special-interest • Truman vetoed, Congress wins • Civil Rights • Jackie Robinson • 1945 Walter White- NAACP • Wants equality, fair practices • “Dixiecrat” Revolt • Democrat convention • Leads to Truman’s 1948 executive order to bar discrimination in federal employment • Morgan v. Virginia (interstate bus) • Shelley v. Kraemer (housing)

  4. Threat of Communism • Heading to Cold War • 1946: Destiny of Eastern Europe and Poland in question • Stalin’s Plans • Buffer zone in Eastern Europe • Soviet sphere of influence • Puppet governments in Albania and Yugoslavia • Truman’s Plans • Russia in its borders • Acceptance of communism would betray WWI and WWII vets • Didn’t want to be “soft” • Demanded free elections in Poland • Iron Curtain • Satellite nations • Closed to US trade • “no lasting peace with Capitalism” • George Kennan • US policy must be to “contain” • Impossible to negotiate with Stalin • Military, economic, and diplomatic strategies to prevent communism from spreading • Churchill • 1946 “Iron Curtain” • Anglo-speaking alliance • Truman • Iran 1946 • Cold War begins

  5. Containment • Iran 1946 • Greece and Turkey 1947 • British needed help • George C. Marshall pressured Congress to help • $400 million assistance • Truman Doctrine • Active US engagement to contain communism • Military and financial aid • National Security Act 1947 • National Security Council • CIA • Dept of Defense • Marshall Plan • Plan to restore European Economies • Resistance to Communism • George C. Marshall’s plan • successful • Truman’s Strategy • Development of atomic weapons • Strengthen traditional military power • Military alliances • Military and economic aid to allies • Espionage network • Propaganda offensive

  6. Confrontation in Germany • Stalin’s progression • Hungry/Czechoslovakia 1947/48 • Brutal Coup • Berlin • 4 demilitarized zones • Allies zones united • 1948: Stalin blocks rail and highway routes into Berlin • Trying to force Allies to accept Communist Berlin • Truman’s response • Operation Vittles • Berlin Airlift • Hinted use of atomic weapons • May 1949 blockade ends • Allies create Federal Republic of Germany • Reaffirms containment • Alliances • North Atlantic Treaty (NATO) • Marked formal end of isolation • Collective security • Mutual defense pact • 1st peacetime alliance • Nuclear umbrella • Stalin’s Response • Created German Democratic Republic (East Germany) • Exploded 1st atomic bomb 1949 • Warsaw Pact 1955 • Alliance of satellite states

  7. Re-election 1948 • Inaugural address 1949 • Fair Deal • Proposed civil rights, national health care legislation, federal aid to education, etc. • Belief in continual economic growth • Congress • Expanded existing programs • Raised minimum wage • Increased social security • Displaced Persons Act • 205,000 Jews • Did not accept new programs • Failure • Set US apart from Europe

  8. Cold War in Asia • Japan • Democratic success • MacArthur in charge • Strengthened Japanese economy and government • Occupation ended 1952 • US retained bases • China • US failed • Mao Ze Dong successful • People’s Republic of China • “Red China” • US refused to recognize • Americans shocked • Indochina • France needed help • US crushes commies in Philippines

  9. Nuclear Fear • Soviets even the score • Atomic bomb 1949 • American hysteria • Air raid practice • Bomb shelters • Sky watchers • Truman’s answer • Development of H-bomb • “Mike” 1952 • 10X Hiroshima (Marshall Islands) • Soviet’s answered with own H • NSC-68 • Emphasised Soviet strength and aggressive intentions • “world domination” • Urged military defense • Increase army • Increase nuclear arsenal • 4x defense budget • Increase CIA actions

  10. Korean War 1950-1953 • June 24, 1950 • North Korea invades South • 38th parallel • “Greece of the East” • Step up to Communism • Didn’t seek congress • UN authorized action • War Action • MacArthur in charge • Crosses into North Korea • Tide turns when China enters war • stalemate • Attempt at Peace • Spring 1951 • MacArthur criticizes Truman • April 10, 1951 MacArthur fired • Armistice not signed until 1953 • Korea divided • Consequences • Lives • 54, 246 US dead • 103,284 US wounded • Money • $54 billion • Politics • Accelerated NSC-68 • Defense budget spending increased • Atomic stockpile increased • Worldwide military bases • Indochina • Enhanced powers of Presidency • Precedent for war • Second economic boom

  11. Anti-Communism Hysteria • Loyalty and Security • Widespread Fear • US Communist Party • Amerasia incident • Canada exposes network • Executive Order 9835 • Federal Employee Loyalty Program • Barred members of Communist Party • Crusade • Hoover • Colleges center of “red” prop. • “Zeal for Democracy” campaign • 1947 House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) • Attacked Hollywood • Prosecuted leaders of US Communist Party • Alger Hiss • Symbol of liberal establishment • Accused by Whittaker Chambers • Questioned by Sen. Richard Nixon • Claimed to be innocent • Indicted for perjury • “Pumpkin Papers” • Rosenbergs’ • Feb 1950 • Klaus Fuchs arrested, atomic secrets • Trail led to Rosenbergs • Found guilty March 1951 • Executed June 19. 1953 • McCarthyism • List of “205” officials • Symbol for personal attacks on individuals by means of indiscriminate allegations

  12. Hysteria subsided • McCarthy’s end • challenged Army • Edward R. Murrow attacks • Hearings proved he was a fraud • Results • 1950 McCarran Internal Security Act • Vetoed by Truman • Forced organizations deemed communist to register with Dept. of Justice • Authorized arrest and detention during National emergency • McCarran-Walter Immigration Act and Nationality Act of 1952 • Vetoed by Truman • Maintained quotas • Prevented homosexuals from entering country • Power to deport those suspected of communism

  13. Election of 1952 • Public apprehension • Loyalty in government • Korea stalemate • We want Ike!! • Democrats • Ike didn’t agree with domestic solutions • Nominated Adlai Stevenson • Out of touch with people • Truman shadow • Republicans • Nominates Dwight D. Eisenhower • War hero • Pledged to end stalemate • Running mate Richard Nixon • “Checkers” speech • Results • Wins white house • Narrow Republican control of houses • Ends 1st phase of Cold War

  14. Eisenhower Presidency • Fit American Mood • Craved peace and stability • Ike “middle of the road” • Inspired confidence • Dynamic Conservatism • Big Picture • Delegated authority • Reconciled contending factions • Governing Style • Stayed out of legislative process • Let Cabinet do it’s thing • Laid-back to public • Ruthless politician • Focused on business principles • Slashed budget • Promoted private development of hydroelectric and nuclear power • Economic advisors (CEA) • Increases government spending in times of recession • Centrist course • Pragmatic • Reduce taxes • Contain inflation • Govern efficiently • Modern Republicanism • Domestic program • Resisted • national health care • Civil rights • Federal aid to education • “Eisenhoover” nickname • Successes • Large tax cut for wealthy and business • Increased funding for public housing • Increased minimum wage • Extended social security • Construction of St. Lawrence Seaway • Interstate Highway System • Great domestic achievement • 40,000 miles • Election of 1956 • Democrats • Adlai Stevenson • Ike • “Everything booming but the guns” • Landslide victory

  15. Jim Crow in Court • Chief Justice Earl Warren (1953) • Jencks v. United States 1957 • Accused has right to inspect government files used by prosecution • Yates v. United States 1957 • Overturned convictions of Communist party officials under Smith Act • “Impeach Earl Warren” • Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka 1954 • NAACP Thurgood Marshall • Reversed Plessy v. Ferguson • Federal district judges to monitored • South vowed resistance • Ike wouldn’t force • White resistance increased • Resistance climaxed • Sept. 1957 Little Rock, Ark. • Gov. Orval E. Faubus • Mobilized National Guard to block desegregation of Central High • Court ordered withdrawl of Guard • Eisenhower forced to back federal laws • Cold war issue • 1956 Campaign • Civil Rights act of 1957 • Established permanent commission • Civil Rights act of 1960 • No protection for voting

  16. Phase 2 of the Cold War • Ike and Dulles • Ike appoints John Foster Dulles as Secretary of State • To appease GOP • Threatened “instant, massive retaliation” to Soviet • Eisenhower not happy • No response to uprisings in East Germany (1953) or Hungary (56) • “Atoms for Peace” • Idea for both superpowers to contribute fissionable materials to a new U.N. agency for industrial progress • Spirit of Geneva • 1955, suspension of further atmospheric tests- 1958 • Dulles’ “pactomania” • Mutal defense pacts with 43 nations • “new look” defense program • More nucs • Reduce conventional forces • Early Distant warning system- Alaska • Cheyenne Mountain Operations Center • CIA • Allen Dulles, head of CIA • Covert actions to prevent communism • TR’s grandson • “Operation Ajax” • Overthrow of Iran 1953 • Sowed seeds of hatred • Philippines • Guatemala • Operation pbsuccess • Mercenaries overthrew the government • Vietnam Domino • Most expensive operations • Ike refused to send troops • French surrendered 1954 • Vietnam divided • “Domino Theory” • All of SE Asia would follow • US refused Geneva Peace Accords • Created SEATO • CIA installed South Korean government

  17. Troubles in the Third World • Middle East • 1954 Nasser/Egypt • US tried to “woo” with building Aswan Dam • Recognized China instead • Nationalized the Suez Canal • Joint attack of British, French and Israeli forces 1956 • Did not consult Ike • Eisenhower’s response • Withdraw troops • Anti-western sentiment in Middle East • “Eisenhower Doctrine” • US would send military aid to any country threatened by communism • Lebanon 1958 • Anti-America • Peru/Venezuela 1958 • Fidel Castro/Cuba 1959 • Breakdown of peace • Spy plane/Russia 1960

  18. Eisenhower Legacy • Warning to Americans • Threat to traditional military life • “military industrial complex” • Tried to prevent war

  19. Affluent Society • Coined by John Kenneth Galbraith 1958 • 1950’s fulfillment of American Dream • 60% owned homes • 75% owned cars • 87% owned one T.V. • GNP up 50% • Despite debt • 3 recessions • Highest standard of living in US ever • “people of plenty”

  20. Industry and Computers • Federal spending major source of economic growth • Doubled in 1950s • Public spending • Roads, airports, home mortgages, supported farm prices, stipends for education • Electronics • Consumption tripled • Oil replaced coal as nation’s industry source • ½ of budget went to defense industries • R & D • New Industries • Plastics, chemicals, general dynamics • 1944 • International Business Machines • Mark I calculator • 500 miles of wiring • 1946 • US Army • ENAIC, 1st electronic computer • “debugged” • Led to development of programs • Changed economy like 1st steam engine, electric motor • Sales to Industry and government • Crucial to IRS • 30,000 by mid 1960s for banks, hospitals, universities, etc. • Silicon Valley 1951 • Stanford Industrial Park

  21. Costs of Big Business • Rapid technological advances accelerated power of big “B” • 1950: 20 firms over $1 billion • Massive oligopolies formed • TV, Auto Companies • New multinational enterprises • “executives” replaced capitalists • Success required conformity • “the Lonely Crowd” 1950 • No creativity • Changes in agricultural • Scientific and mechanized • Technology cut hours • Factories in the fields • More machines, more chemicals • Changes to the Environment • “Silent Spring” 1962 Rachel Carson • Poisons • DDT • Blue-Collar Blues • Consolidation transformed Labor Movement • 1955 merger of AFL and CIO • 85% of union members • Higher wages, shorter workweeks, paid vacations, health-care coverage, automatic wage hikes • Fewer strikes • Decreased in numbers • Automation • New jobs in service sector • 1956 • White-collar workers outnumber blue collar for 1st time • US now “post-industrial” society

  22. Prosperity and the Suburbs • Real income rose • More income spent on luxuries • Credit installment plan • 1st credit card: Diner’s Club Card 1950 • Indebtedness rose • Advertisement increased • 58 million new cars purchased in 1950s • Flashier models • Exodus to the suburbs • Highways constructed • Income tax stimulated home sales • Low interest loans (FHA, VA) • 98% white • 85% of homes built in 1950s • Embodiment of American dream • Greatest internal migration in US history • 20 million • Sunbelt and Cali profited

  23. Consensus and Conservatism • “Togetherness” • 1954 McCall’s Magazine • Ideal couple/family • Wed younger, children younger • Fertility rate rose • Increase in population • Antibiotics • Baby Boom • 1946-1964 • Concern of child-rearing • Dr. Benjamin Spock • Don’t work • Breastfeed • Less scolding/spanking • Trend • 1950’s schools construction • 1970’s homes • Domesticity • Pop culture glorified marriage • Doris day, Debbie Reynolds • Despite, increasing #s in workforce • Laid groundwork for 1960’s feminism • Religion • Church attendance up • Cold war anxieties • Surge of religious activity • Evangelist: Billy Graham • RC Bishop: Fulton J. Sheen • Prot. Minister: Norman Vincent Peale • Pop Culture • Movies • Ben Hur, Ten Commandments • Songs • “I believe”, “Man Upstairs” • Congress • Added “under God” to pledge • Added “In God we Trust” to currency • Books • Bible sales all time high • Education • Enrollment increased • Progressive educators promoted socialibility • Self-expression over math/science • “well-rounded” students

  24. Culture of the 1950s • Reflected prosperity and fear of Cold War • Art • New York/ Modernism • Jackson Pollack • Literature • Dissatisfaction with jobs and homes • John Clecter’s “The Wapshot Chronicles” 1957 • John Updike’s “Rabbit Run” 1960 • African-American Culture • James Baldwin’s “Go tell it on the Mountain” 1953 • Ralph Ellison’s “Invisible Man” 1951 • Jewish Culture • Bernard Malamud’s “The Assistant” 1957 • Philip Roth’s “Goodbye Columbus” 1959 • Southern Culture • William Faulkner’s “The Town” 1957, “The Mansion” 1960 • Eudora Weltly’s “The Ponder Heart” 1954 • Hollywood • Diminished interest in political issues • Westerns, musicals, spectacles • Working women replaced with dumb blondes • Minorities invisible • Movie attendance down 50% • Message of Medium: TV • 1946: 1 in 18,000 had a TV • 1960: 9 out of 10 • Radio stations transitioned • ABC, CBS, NBC • TV Guide, TV Diners • Retail • Davy Crockett • 1955 Coonskin hats • TV Culture • At 1st showcased creativity and talent • Opera • Documentaries • Sitcoms with ethnic families • As price decreased demand for mass appeal increased • Few with conflict or controversy • Exception “The Honeymooners” • “I love Lucy” controversy • “Leave it to Beaver” the norm • Difficult to assess impact • Racial and gender stereotypes reinforced • Virtually ended network radio • Changed political life • McCarthy Trials, Checkers speech

  25. The Other America • Poverty and Urban Blight • 35 million below poverty line • Bulk lived in inner-city slums • African-Americans, Hispanics, and Native Americans • Michael Hummington’s “The Other America, Poverty in the United States” 1962 • Poor trapped in vicious cycle • Need for low-cost housing • Black’s struggle for justice • 1954 Brown decision sparked new civil rights movement • Non-violent resistance • Rosa Parks • Dec. 1, 1955 • Montgomery bus boycott • Challenged in Supreme Court • 1957 SCLC • Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. • Latinos and Latinas • Inadequate schools and housing • Loss of culture • Puerto Ricans • Mexican-Americans • 1951 Bracero program reintroduced • 7.5 million new irrigated acres in SW • Operation “wetback” 1953-1955 • Deportation of illegal immigrants • Supreme Court Decision • Banned exclusion of Mexican-Americans from juries (1954) • Breaking boundaries • 1st Mexican-American mayor 1958 • Roberto Clemente • Native Americans • Poorest minority • 1954-1962: 12 Termination bills of reservations passed • 60.000 relocated

  26. Seeds of Disquiet • Sputnik • October 4, 1957 • 1st artificial satellite launched by Soviet Union • Nov 3, 1957 • Launched another satellite, this time with a dog inside • US response • Dec 6. 1957 “flopnik” • Doubled funds for missiles development • Lead to creation of NASA 1958 • New focus on education • National Defense Education Act 1958 • Math, science, and foreign languages new focus • College enrollment increased • 1.5 billion in new funding

  27. Seeds of Disquiet • Social consequences • Juvenile delinquency • Rock-n-Roll • 1950’s Alan Freed • Bill Haley’s “shake, rattle, and roll” 1954 • First white Rock-n-Roll hit • Corruption of youth, delinquency, mix races, devil’s music • Elvis Presley • Embodied new Rock-n-Roll movement • Record sales tripled • “American Bandstand” 1960 • Outsiders • Buddy Holly • Frankie Lymon • Richie Valens • Portents of Change • Movies • Marlon Brando in “ The Wild One” 1954 • James Dean in “Rebel without a Cause” 1955 • Beatniks • Revolt against middle-class America • Allen Ginsberg’s “Howl” 1956 • Jack Kerouac’s “On the Road” 1957 • Scorned conformity and materialism • “square” America • Romanticized outcasts • Reaction • Scorned by Mass media • Admired by college youth

  28. End of the “Nifty 50’s” • Revolution on the way

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