Age of Exploration

1. Age of Exploration Western Civilization

2. Agenda • Joke of the Day

3. Why would Europeans want to explore the globe!?!

4. The Four G’s

5. The Four G’s

6. The Four G’s • GOD • Crusades • Duty to spread the word of God

7. The Four G’s • GLORY • Desire for new route • Finding one = Fame • Fame = Glory & MONEY!

8. The Four G’s • GOLD • Precious metals not found in Europe • Growing economy demanded more gold • Many (especially kings/queens) simply wanted more wealth

9. The Four G’s • GOOD SPICES • Italy controlled the spice trade from Asia • High cost for good spices • Goal: Bypass Italy & find OWN route to Asia

10. What allowed Europeans to explore the globe!?!

11. Technological Advances • New ships • Replaced barcas with the caraval

12. New Ships • Barca or Barinel • Square sails • Clumsy • Slow • Difficult to turn • Caravel • Lateen sails • Axle’d rudder • More responsive • More agile • Water-proof!

13. Technological Advances • Astrolobe • Allowed sailors to determine their latitude • Magnetic Compass • Needle points north • How helpful is this? • Understanding of Winds • Where will the winds take us? • Improved Maps

14. Astrolobe

15. Magnetic Compass

16. Understanding of Winds

17. Improved Maps c. 1570 c. 1470

18. Obtained 1502 for Duke of Ferrera • Recreated illegally

19. February 26, 2013 • Agenda • Joke of the Day • Reading Check • Discuss Readings • Columbian Exchange Activity • Learning Target: Students will understand how the transoceanic connection of all major regions of the world from 1450-1600 led to global transformations

20. Quick Check Analysis • Beyond the simple “they had guns” explanation, according to Jared Diamond (Guns, Germs, and Steel) why were the Europeans, and not other peoples, able to dominate the globe?

23. The Columbian Exchange

24. Columbian Exchange • The exchange of plants and animals between Europe and the Americas. • Where did this come from? • On page 11 Of your packet, determine whether the item came from the Old World or the New World • Using your phones or tablets, look up the original location and mark that on your sheet. • On the following map, draw arrows showing the direction of trade for each item

25. Homework • Read: • Amerigo Vespucci and Bartolome de Las Casas’ journal entries on pp. 32-35

26. Spain Builds an American Empire

27. Agenda • Joke of the Day • Reflection • Spanish Empire

29. Quick Check Reflection • On a half sheet of paper, describe your reactions to the journal entries by Vespucci and de Las Casas. What did you find interesting? Surprising, or shocking? • 5 Minutes to complete

30. Hernando Cortez • Lands on shores of Mexico in 1519 • Brought followers known as conquistadors • Conquistador: • They would ruthlessly colonize parts of Mexico, South America, and North America

31. Read the story of Cortés's conquest

32. Cortez Conquers the Aztec • #1: Cortez believed to be the returning god Quetzalcóatl, the feathered serpent + made allies with native tribes • #2: This myth, along with the Spaniard’s powerful weapons, mastiffs, and horses, convinced the Aztec that the time had come

33. Cortez Conquers the Aztec • #2: Despite being outnumbered, Cortez and the Spanish were able to defeat the Aztec due to the decimation of the population by smallpox.

34. Pizarro Subdues the Inca • 1532 – Pizarro marches into South America • Controls a force of only 200 men VS Pizarro Atahualpa Watch the video and answer the questions about Pizarro’s conquest

35. Spanish in America • PENINSULARES – men who settled in the Americas • CREOLE – People born in the New World with unmixed Spanish blood • MESTIZO – mixed Spanish and Native blood • Inter-marriage was common and accepted • MULATTO – mixed Spanish and African blood • Encomienda – settlers granted a number of natives for whom they were responsible

36. Spanish Settlement The Encomienda • Settler’s supposed to protect natives • Far from home • Natives treated as slaves • Ranched • Farmed (sugar plantations) • Mined (gold and silver) – mit’a • Often worked to death; especially in the mines

37. New Mexico, Arizona, Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas (c. 1550) Ponce de Leon (1513) 1535, Pizarro wipes out Inca and establishes Spanish capital at Lima 1521, Cortes defeats the Aztec Spanish Empire, c. 1540

38. Results of Spanish Expansion • Not much gold found. • So, Catholic priests sent in to colonize and convert

39. The African Slave Trade

41. Slavery in Africa • Slavery had existed in Africa for many years; was not something NEW • 600s: Islam introduced to Africa; increased the slave trade in Africa • Between 650-1600: 4.8 million Africans were transported to the Southwest lands of Asia • Differences: • Slaves could move up; was not hereditary! • Could earn freedom and own land

43. The Desire for Africans • 1400’s: Portuguese sailing along coast of Africa in search of GOLD • Changed when Europeans colonized Americas • Natives were dying by the millions; Europeans desperate for workers • ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE: buying and selling of Africans for work in the Americas

44. The Desire for Africans • 1500 CE-1600 – 300,000 Africans were transported • 1600-1700 CE – 1.5 million were transported • 1870 CE – 12 million had been imported to the Americas!

46. Spain and Portugal Lead the Way • 1511 CE – Slave trade started for the Spanish in Hispaniola • By 1650 CE – 300,000 Africans labored for the Spanish in the Americas in gold and silver mines • During 1600’s: 40% of all Africans went to Brazil to work on sugarcane plantations • By 1870: Brazil received 5 million Africans (10x the # in North America)

48. Slavery Spreads in the Americas • Majority labored on sugar, tobacco, and coffee plantations in the DUTCH, FRENCH, and ENGLISH colonies in the Caribbean • From 1690-1809: ENGLAND was the leading importer of slaves in the Americas; 1.7 million were sent to the West Indies • By 1830: 2 million slaves existed in the United States

50. African Cooperation • African rulers/merchants played active role in the slave trade • European traders waited along the coastAfrican merchants went and captured slaves then delivered them to Europeans for gold, rum, etc. • “From us they have learned strife, quarrelling, drunkenness, trickery, theft, unbridled desire for what is not one’s own, misdeeds unknown to them before, and the accursed lust for gold”