ROME

1. ROME AND THE RISE OF CHRISTIANITY

2. The Fall of the Republic • 50 years of civil war left the republic in ashes • The philosopher and orator Cicero urged wealthy Romans to limit the power of the generals; nothing changed

3. 3 powerful generals emerged • Crassus—richest man in Rome • Pompey—commanded armies in Spain • Julius Caesar—also commanded armies in Spain

4. The First Triumvirate • the three had equal power within the government • Crassus commanded Syria • Pompey commanded Spain • Caesar commanded Gaul (France)

5. The First Caesar • Crassus died, Pompey was given power over the military and Julius Caesar was asked to step down • Julius refused, and crossed the Rubicon River toward Rome and later marched on to defeat Pompey • became dictator for about a year • was assassinated by Senators, stabbed 23 times

6. The Second Triumvirate • After Caesar died, Octavian (Julius Caesar’s nephew), Marc Antony (Caesar’s friend and ally), and Lepidus (trusted commander of the cavalry) allied together to rule Rome • Lepidus backed down • Octavian and Antony split the kingdom between the east and west

7. Civil War • Octavian and Antony fought against each other • Antony allied with Cleopatra VII of Egypt • Later Octavian crushed the naval fleet of Antony • Octavian (age 32) ruled all of the Roman Empire

8. The Age of Augustus • Octavian changed his name to Augustus, “the revered one” • Senate titled him imperator • had a standing army of 280,000 with 9000 Praetorian Guard, special empirical guards

9. Early Empire • Early Emperors • Tiberius, Caligula, and Claudius • Nero • insane emperor • killed anyone who gone in his way • allegedly burned Rome, committed suicide after a military revolt

10. The Good Emperors • Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antonius Pius, and Marcus Aurelius • created a period of peace and stability called the PaxRomana or “The Peace of Rome” • aqueducts, walls, rebuilt Rome greater

11. An Expanded Empire • Trajan • Dacia (Romania), Mesopotamia, Sinai Peninsula (Saudi Arabia and neighbors) • Hadrian • Southern Germany • Hadrian’s Wall in England

12. Culture • copied a lot of Greek art • Architecture • used many Greek styles • However, they used vaults, domes, and arches • used concrete on a large scale

13. All Roads Lead to Rome • built 50,000 miles of roads • built 12 aqueducts

14. The Families Place in Rome • paterfamilias – dominant male • Males were expected to learn to read and write, and upper-class males were also expected to learn Greek • Right of Passage • at the age of 16, males got a new toga, one that signified his adulthood

15. Women • treated as second class citizens • marriages were arranged by the father • could be married legally at the age of 12 usually 14 though • males could marry at 14 (but again usually later) • in the Third Century B.C., divorce was permitted

16. in the 100s, women gained more power in society • were not equal but had every right save political equality

17. Life in the Eternal City • Rome - capital city of the Roman Empire • noisy, smelly, dirty city • nearly 1 million by the reign of Augustus • poor lived in insulae, tenement housing

18. Public Buildings • temples • baths • markets • theaters • government buildings • amphitheaters

19. Roman Religion • polytheistic • Mars – god of war • Jupiter – chief god • Juno – wife of chief god • Venus – goddess of love • Pluto – god of the underworld • Neptune – god of the sea

20. observation of proper rituals brought them into a right relationship with the gods • were tolerant of other religions

21. Roman Province of Judea (Israel) • Judaism had split into different groups • Sadducees – favored Roman rulers because they appointed them to positions of power • Pharisees – distrusted Rome • Essenes – lived in the Judean desert away from the influence of Rome • Zealots— wanted to revolt against Rome

22. The Rise of Christianity • Jewish prophet named Jesus travelled and preached in Judea and Galilee • Message of Jesus • complete the salvation that God had promised the Jews

23. Taught that following Jewish law was not as important as the transformation of the soul • “Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your mind and with all your strength. This is the first commandment.” • “The second is this: Love your neighbor as yourself”

24. Ethical concepts • humility, charity, and love toward others • Controversial • some saw Jesus as a dangerous revolutionary • was turned over to Rome and crucified • After death, followers said he rose from the dead

25. Like a Fire • Apostles • Simon Peter (Cephas) – preached to the Jews • Paul – preached to the Gentiles (non-Jews) • Paul’s Message • death made up for the sins of humans • accept Christ as the Messiah and be reconciled to God

26. New Testaments • composed of letters and writings of the early apostles, mostly by Paul • first four are the Gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John) • The rest are letters and one Revelation • Christianity spread throughout Greece and the rest of the eastern empire

27. Persecution • Christians refused to worship state gods or the emperors • crucified, burned, fed to animals in the Coliseums of the Roman Empire • this did not stop the growth of Christianity

28. all segments of society came to Christianity • Constantine – first Roman Christian emperor • saw a burning cross in the sky before a battle • Edict of Milan – proclaimed tolerance of Christianity • Theodosius – adopted as official state religion

29. End of the PaxRomana • After Marcus Aurelius died • Severan rulers rule for nearly 50 years • In the next 49 years there were 22 emperors • Invasions • Persians • Germanic Tribes

30. End of the Empire • Germanic Invaders • Angles/Saxons • Franks • Huns, led by Attila • Ostrogoths • Vandals • Visigoths

31. Diocletian’s Reforms • split the empire into four states • Constantine moved the capital to Byzantium, which was later renamed Constantinople, the “New Rome” • Later the empire was split in two East and West

32. The Huns from Asia, invaded the Visigoths who moved down into Roman territory to avoid the Huns • The Visigoths sacked Rome • The Vandals swept through Gaul (France) and Spain thru Africa and to Italy and too sacked Rome

33. Romulus Augustus • the last Western Roman Emperor was deposed by the Vandals in 476 A.D. • The only thing left of the old Roman Empire is in the Eastern Roman Empire at Constantinople

34. Eastern Roman Empire (ERE) • Justinian • Emperor who ruled the ERE and tried to reunite ERE and the old empire • Did conquer Italy • After Justinian died, ERE lasted until 1453 when the Ottoman Turkish Empire captured Constantinople (Byzantium)

35. Byzantine Society • Developed in the ERE • Christianity was important, but they began to practice it differently in the ERE • Led to a split in the Christian Church • In Western Europe, the Catholic Church emerged, while in Eastern Europe, the Orthodox Church formed

36. Reasons for a Fall • Christianity weakened the military • Non-Italian values from conquered lands • Lead poisoning caused mental problems • Plague killed 10% • Failure to technologically advance • Unstable political system