Technology Interactions

1. Manufacturing technologies produce industrial and consumer products. Technology Interactions

2. A Manufactured World Manufacturing... • changes raw or processed materials into usable products. • occurs in manufacturing plants, or factories.

3. Product Design • Must meet the needs and wants of customers. • Should be cost-effective to manufacture.

4. Design for Manufacturability • Uses readily available materials. • Uses materials that can be recycled. • Uses existing production processes.

5. Materials • Raw materials occur in nature. They are usually processed into industrial materials. • Industrial materials are used to make products.

6. Processing Materials • Primary processes change raw materials into industrial materials. • Mechanical, such as cutting or crushing • Thermal, such as heating or melting • Chemical, such as mixing materials

7. Processing Materials • Secondary processes turn industrial materials into finished products. • Forming (rolling, casting, forging, stamping, extrusion) • Separating (cutting) • Combining (mixing, mechanical fastening, soldering, brazing, welding, coating) • Conditioning (thermal, chemical, mechanical)

8. Production • Both primary and secondary processes are used in manufacturing. • Many different processing techniques may be needed to produce one type of product.

9. Four Types of Production • Custom production – Products are made to order. • Job-lot production – Products are made in a specific quantity. • Continuous production – Identical products are mass produced in large numbers. • Mass customization – This process combines elements of custom and mass production. Standard products are individualized.

10. Quality Assurance • Quality assurance is a system that checks whether products meet all quality standards.

11. Packaging • Packaging is designed to continuously protect a product, from the time it is manufactured until the customer buys and uses it.

12. UPC • Universal product codes (UPC) assist with product inventory and sales control.

13. RFID • Radio frequency identification (RFID) can be used to track products during all stages of transportation and delivery.

14. Distribution • After production, products may go to another manufacturer, a wholesaler, a retailer, or directly to the customer. • A wholesaler purchases in large quantities and then sells in smaller amounts to retailers. • Retailers sell products directly to consumers. • Consumers can sometimes order directly from the manufacturer.

15. Sales • Manufacturers may advertise their products to promote sales. • Salespeople are usually paid a commission. This means the more products they sell, the more money they make.

16. CAD • Computer-aided design (CAD) uses a computer and software to make accurate drawings of parts and products. • CAD can show what the product will look like, how it will work, how it should be made, and what materials will be used to make it.

17. CAM • Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) uses a computer to operate and control many machines and processes. • CAD drawings may be input directly into a CAM system.

18. CNC • Computer numerical control (CNC) uses computer-controlled machines to perform a series of operations over and over. • CNC machines can be reprogrammed to make different parts.

19. CIM • Computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) uses computers to monitor and control every aspect of manufacturing. • Computers link design and production operations with purchasing, accounting, inventory, shipping, sales, and payroll.

20. PLCs • Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) are small computers that help control machines. • PLCs are used to automate many processes, such as the speed and sequence in an assembly line.

21. Rapid Manufacturing • Rapid manufacturing sends designs from a CAD system to a 3D printer. The printer builds the product layer-by-layer. • The techniques are the same ones used for rapid prototypes, except that the process is repeated to make tens or hundreds of actual products for sale.

22. Nanotechnology • Nanotechnology is the use of materials at the atomic or molecular level. • The goal of nanotechnology is to create materials or products that are lighter, stronger, and programmable.

23. Lean Manufacturing • Continuous improvement • Just-in-time inventory management • Teamwork • Work cells

24. Continuous Improvement • Details are important. • It is always possible to make a good system even better.

25. Just-in-Time Inventory Management • Designed to keep only the immediately needed parts on hand. • Saves costs because less storage space is needed and there are fewer unused parts.

26. Teamwork • Teamwork is people working together and relying on one another.

27. Work Cells • Groups of people work together in small areas, or cells. • Each cell contains all of the equipment needed to make products.

28. Automatic Manufacturing • Uses computer-controlled machines at every stage of manufacturing. • A few highly skilled technicians repair machines that break down and solve unexpected problems.

29. Personal Safety in Manufacturing Plants • To reduce injuries, workers wear safety equipment, such as safety glasses, hard hats, and steel-toed shoes. • Workers rotate tasks to reduce repetitive motion injuries.

30. Safety Colors • Safety colors in the workplace signal safety messages. • Red means danger or emergency. • Orange means be on guard. • White means storage. • Green means first aid. • Blue means information or caution.