3. Individual Behavior

1. 3. Individual Behavior

2. Tujuan Pengajaran • Perbedaan-perbedaan individu • Variabel-variabel yang mempengaruhi perilaku individu • Sikap, persepsi, kepribadian dan pembelajaran

3. INDIVIDUAL-BEHAVIOR FRAMEWORK Outcomes Performance - Long term - Short term Personal development Relations with other Satisfaction The Environment Work - Job design - Organizational structure - Policies and rules - Leadership - Reward and sanctions - Resource Non Work - Family - Economics - Leisure and hobbies The Individual Abilities and skills Family background Personality Perception Attitude Attributions Learning capacity Age Race Sex Experience Behaviors Problem-solving Thinking process Communication - Talking - Listening Obsevations Movement Source : Gibson

4. PERBEDAAN-PERBEDAAN INDIVIDU Ability A biological or learned trait that permits a person to do something mental or physical Skill Task – related competencies Demographics - GENDER DIFFERENCES - RACIAL AND CULTURAL DIVERSITY Source : Gibson

5. VARIABEL-VARIABEL YANG MEMPENGARUHI PERILAKU INDIVIDU • Attitudes • Perception • Personality • Learning • Attribution • Ability Source : Gibson

6. 1. Attitudes Mental states of readiness for need arousal The Three Components of Attitudes Stimuli : Attitudes : Outcomes : Work factors Job design Manager style Company policies Technology Salary Fringe benefit Components Effect Cognition Behavior Responses Emotional; Statement about liking Perceptual; Statement about belief Action; Statement about behavior Source : Gibson

7. 2. Perception The process by which an individual gives meaning to the environment. It involves organization and interpreting various stimuli into psychological experience Source : Gibson

8. The Perceptual Process The person’s perceptual process: Organizing and translating Reality in work organization • Factors influencing perception • Stereotyping • Selectivity • Self concept • Situation • Needs • Emotions Outcomes Stimuli (e.g., the organization’s reward system, the style of persuasion used by a supervisor, the work flow) A response behavior Evaluation and interpretation of reality Observation of the stimuli Attitudes formed Source : Gibson

9. Perceptual Differences and Behavior Freedom worker is given Manager’s perception Worker has a lot of freedom to make decisions Worker’s perception I am not given freedom to make decision Manager’s behavior No concern about freedom given to worker Worker’s behavior Feeling of being left out staying home Manager’s behavior Puzzled by the absence record of worker Worker’s behavior Belief that no one really cares Source : Gibson

10. Cultural forces The Individual’s Personality Social class and other group membership forces Hereditary forces Family relationships force 3. Personality Stable set of characteristics and tendencies that determine commonalities and differences in people’s behavior Some Major Forces Influencing Personality Source : Gibson

11. Theory of Personality 1. Trait Personality Theories Based on the premise that predispositions direct the behavior of an individual in a consistent pattern 2. Psychodynamic Personality Theories Freudian approach that discusses the id, superego, and ego. Special emphasis is placed on unconscious determinants of behavior 3. Humanistic Personality Theories Place emphasis on growth and self-actualization of people Source : Gibson

12. Humanistic Personality Theories 1. Measuring Personality Characteristics Personality tests Personality test used to measure emotional, motivational, interpersonal, and attitude characteristics that make up a person’s personality Minnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory (MMPI) A widely used survey for assessing personality Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) A scale that assesses personality or cognitive style. Respondents’ answers are scored and interpreted to classify them as extroverted or introverted, sensory or intuitive, thinking or feeling, and perceiving or judging Source : Gibson

13. 2. Personality Personality Characteristics Locus of Control A personality characteristic that describes people who see the control of their lives as coming from inside them selves as internalizes. People who believe that their lives are controlled by external factor are externalizes Self-Efficacy The belief that one can perform adequately in a situation. Self efficacy has three dimensions; magnitude, strength, and generality Creativity Machiavellianism A term used to describe political maneuvers in an organization. Used to designate a person as a manipulator and power abuser Source : Gibson

14. 4. Learning Any relatively permanent change in behavior that accurs as a result of experience Source : Stephen P. Robbins

15. Theories of Learning 1. Classical conditioning A type of conditioning in which an individual responds to some stimulus that would not ordinarily produce such a response 2. Operant conditioning A type of conditioning in which desired voluntary behavior leads to a reward or prevents a punishment 3. Social Learning People can learn through observation and direct experience Source : Stephen P. Robbins

16. 5. Attribution The process of perceiving causes of behavior and out comes Dispositional Attributions Emphasize some aspect of individual, such as ability or skill, to explain behavior Situational Attributions Attributions that emphasize the environment’s effect behavior

17. 6. Ability An individual’s capacity to perform the various tasks in a job Intellectual ability That required to do mental activities Physicalability That required to do tasks demanding stamina, dexterity, strength and similar characteristics Source : Stephen P. Robbins