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Understanding Motivation and Emotion: A Deep Dive into Behavioral Aspects

Explore the directional and energizing aspects of behavior in motivation, and the affective tone - positive or negative - in emotion. Learn how motivation and emotion intersect, the role of instincts, and the hierarchy of motives. Delve into basic versus derived emotions, the universality of disgust, and the criteria for basic emotions. Understand the evolutionary adaptation of emotions and their impact on behavior, including social emotions and self-esteem.

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Understanding Motivation and Emotion: A Deep Dive into Behavioral Aspects

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  1. Motivation and Emotion Motivation: directional and energizing aspects of behavior. Emotion: affective tone. Either positive or negative; never neutral. Emotion is the affective component of motivation.

  2. Motivation and Emotion Motivation without emotion? Yes. Emotion without motivation? No.

  3. Instinct? Faculty of acting in such a way as to produce certain ends, without foresight of the ends, and without previous education in the performance. Good: Behavior no always guided by reason; some behaviors seem to require little prior experience. Bad: Most all traits are the result of gene/environment interactions; just a name, not an explanation. (Preparedness)

  4. Best to think of motivations and emotions as facultative responses. Examples: hunger, thirst, fear, disgust, happiness, sadness, anger… Address fitness-relevant challenges that occurred regularly in the EEA Basic (biological) versus derived (social). A false dichotomy: All emotions and motivations are biological in the sense that they were designed by selection.

  5. Not all motives equally important. Hierarchy. You won’t be very interested in sex if you’re starving to death. Anger is easier to detect than happiness.

  6. Are motives socially constructed? Disgust: Universal emotion. Also universal facial expression. Function of disgust? But what triggers disgust? This is culturally variable. Why? The “omnivore’s problem.”

  7. Basic emotions? (Paul Ekman) Criteria: distinct facial expression presence in other primates distinct physiology distinct causes facial expression inseparable from physiology quick onset brief duration (compare to mood) automatic appraisal unbidden occurrence

  8. Any emotion is “basic” if it evolved to motivate certain kinds of situationally contingent adaptive behavior. Not all emotions have distinct facial expressions. Why not?

  9. Emotion adaptation is an analogue of sensory adaptation: Why you can’t be happy all the time. Emotions motivate behavior in relation to changing risks and rewards. Just as in sensation, it’s the changes that are relevant.

  10. Social emotions: anger, guilt, shame, pride. “Self-esteem”: Status metering. Important to have an assessment of what others think of us.

  11. Homicide as an assay of extreme negative emotions. Very strong sex bias. “Incident of trivial origin”

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