Motivation and Emotion

1. Motivation and Emotion 6-8% of the AP Psychology Exam Includes “stress”

2. MOTIVATION THEORIES

3. WHAT MOTIVATES PEOPLE INTO ACTION?

4. Motivation • What moves people into action? • The pursuit of pleasure and avoidance of pain • Promote survival • Freud theorized that basic sexual and aggressive instincts motivated behavior • Rogers and Maslow suggested that a basic tendency toward growth and mastery pervades our lives • Seligman emphasized the role of cognitive factors in motivation

5. THE INSTINCT / BIOLOGICAL THEORIES

6. INSTINCTS • Instincts are fixed, unlearned, genetically programmed patterns of behavior such as migration and mating displays of birds • Examples in human behavior?

7. Charles Darwin’s evolutionary theory • Behavior originates from instincts • Instincts are adaptive survival behaviors

8. Sociobiological view • All creatures respond in a manner to preserve our genes • As in herding behaviors • Aged or nonproductive individuals leaving the group to increase the chance of survival of the family

9. DRIVE REDUCTION THEORY (CLARK HULL)

10. Drive Reduction Theory • Behavior originates from physiological need (drive state) • homeostasis • Drives are internal conditions that relate to survival • Food, water, air • Behavior is geared to reduce the need or deficit • Eating, drinking and breathing • Drive reduction motivation DOES NOT deal with decision making

12. Drive-reducing behaviors (eating, drinking) Need (e.g., for food, water) Drive (hunger, thirst) Motivation • Drive-Reduction Theory • the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

13. Motivation • Homeostasis • tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state • regulation of any aspect of body chemistry around a particular level • Incentive • a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

14. AROUSAL THEORY

15. Arousal Theory • Relates to differing individual preferences for stimulation in their environment • Motivation is to achieve and maintain preferred levels of stimulation • Yerkes-Dodson “Law” (more appropriately “curve”) states the relationship between task performance and levels of arousal

17. INCENTIVE THEORY

18. Incentive Theory • Need for goal attainment or achievement may be • Intrinsic-reward comes from within • Extrinsic- reward is external • Overjustification Effect • Occurs when extrinsic rewards are provided for a behavior that previously was motivated intrinsically, behavior decreases

19. COGNITIVE CONSISTENCY THEORY(LEON FESTINGER)

20. Cognitive Consistency Theory • Motivation is produced from internal conflict • Cognitive Dissonance • Beliefs that are in opposition often produce conflict (cognitive dissonance) • Beliefs counter to some behavior produces conflict • The individual is motivated to reduce conflict by modifying or changing beliefs or behavior • Experiments in Lying

21. HUMANISTIC THEORY(ABRAHAM MASLOW)

22. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs • Each successive level of the hierarchy is addressed only after the preceding level’s needs have been met • Maslow’s theory DOES NOT explain altruistic behavior

24. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Self-actualization needs Need to live up to one’s fullest and unique potential • begins at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied • then higher-level safety needs become active • then psychological needs become active Esteem needs Need for self-esteem, achievement, competence, and independence; need for recognition and respect from others Belongingness and love needs Need to love and be loved, to belong and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and alienation Safety needs Need to feel that the world is organized and predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable Physiological needs Need to satisfy hunger and thirst

25. Big Picture Picture • I. Instinct/Biological Theory • II. Drive Reduction Theory • III. Arousal Theory • An optional activity would be to have students draw a “Big Picture” (see Instructions in activities folder.) • Assign theories by this list. • IV. Incentive Theory • V. Cognitive Consistency Theory • VI. Humanistic Theory

26. Physiological Needs Hunger and Thirst

27. PHYSIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS OF HUNGER

28. Homeostasis • Glucose • Blood sugar • Hypothalamus • Ventromedial hypothalamus- • Depresses hunger • Lateral hypothalamus • Results in hunger • SO. . .what happens if damaged? • Set Point- “natural” body weight • Metabolic Rate- resting rate of energy expenditures

29. Motivation-Hunger • Stomach contractions accompany our feelings of hunger

30. Motivation-Hunger • Glucose • the form of sugar that circulates in the blood • provides the major source of energy for body tissues • when its level is low, we feel hunger

31. OBESITY Genetic Explanations 1. Fat cells- once the number of fat cells increases, it seldom decreases 2. Set Point-the particular level of weight the body strives to maintain (obese individuals set points are higher) 3. Metabolism-rate at which the body burns calories (people have differing rates of metabolism) • Psychological Explanations • Media-advertisements describing food and restaurants • Eating for Emotional reasons- to get rid of unhappy feelings, rewards for good behavior, food as center of social interactions

32. Motivation-Hunger • The hypothalamus controls eating and other body maintenance functions

33. Motivation-Hunger

34. A closer look at Leptin • Leptin (from the Greek leptos, meaning thin) is a protein hormone with important effects in regulating body weight, metabolism and reproductive functions. • Leptin is an important component in the long term regulation of body weight. • Leptin provides the body with an index of nutritional status. • Leptin appears to be an appetite suppressant. It stops you from eating too much. As well as makes you more active so you burn more energy.

35. THIRST Osmotic Thirst- Level of fluid inside cell body Volumetric thirst- Level of fluid outside cell body

36. PSYCHOLOGY OF HUNGER

37. Social Rules and Cultural Traditions • External Motives

38. EATING DISORDERS Anorexia Nervosa- person is significantly underweight yet feels “fat” and is obsessed with weight loss Bulimia Nervosa- marked by repeated binge-purge episodes and weight fluctuations

39. Women’s Body Images

40. Social Motives Achievement, Affiliation, Power, Aggression and Conflict

41. ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION- a learned motive that promotes the individual to find challenging tasks at which to succeed

42. Intrinsic v. Extrinsic Motivation • Internal motivation-motivation giving an individual satisfaction in and of itself • External motivation-motivation coming from a source outside oneself • Parenting Characteristics that enhance achievement motivation • Encourage children to attempt difficult tasks • Provide strategies for success • Give praise and appropriate rewards for success • Cultural Influences • Collectivist societies encourage group success • Individualistic societies encourage individual success • People Vary in Need for Achievement (refer to motivation theories) • Management Styles • Theory X/Theory Y

43. Theory X-Theory Y Management Style • Theory X managers assume that workers are lazy, error prone and extrinsically motivated by money. • Theory Y managers assume that people are intrinsically motivated, have pride in their work and fulfill their potential. • What type of manager might you be? • Reference: Michaelson, L. K. and Neuliep, J. W. • Myers ancillary

44. How might we measure achievement? • You can take a subjective test as some previous given. • OR. . . • You might take a projective test. • Try this!

45. HENRY MURRAY – Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) 1935

48. DAVID MCCLELLAND (1958)Modified TAT for measure of motives