Memory and Thought

1. Memory and Thought

2. Learning Targets: At the end of class you will be able to -Explain the three processes of memory -Describe the information-processing model of Memory Name the seven dwarves from Snow White. Why do teachers find it easier (sometimes) to remember names of students who were “troublemakers?” How important are eyewitness accounts in a trial? Why? Which would be worse...not being able to remember the past or not being able to learn anything new? Bell Activity 4/10/2013 Learning Unit RE-TEST on Friday 4/12…you are welcome!

3. Now pick pick out the seven dwarves. Grouchy Gabby Fearful Sleepy Smiley Jumpy Hopeful Goofy Sleazy Shy Droopy Moody Hoppy Dopey Sniffy Wishful Puffy Ren Dumpy Sneezy Pop Grumpy Cheesy Bashful Cheerful Teach Snorty Nifty Itchy Happy Doc Wheezy Stubby Poopy Diddy Stimpy

4. Seven Dwarves Sleepy, Dopey, Grumpy, Sneezy, Happy, Doc and Bashful

5. The Memory Process • The Memory includes 3 processes input or encoding, storage and retrieval

6. Memory Processes • Encoding: using basic senses to establish memories (acoustic codes, visual codes, semantic codes); Sort of like typing info into a computer. • Storage: Process by which information is kept/maintained; Think…saving the info to the computer • Retrieval: Ability to retrieve the memories that you stored; Like clicking on the file and opening it up

7. 3 Stages of Memory The Information-Processing Model of memory lists three stages of Memory • Sensory Memory • Short-Term Memory • Long-Term Memory

8. 3 Stages of Memory: Sensory Memory • Very brief memory storage immediately following initial stimulation of a sensor receptor • Echoic (audio) and Iconic (visual) • Stored for a brief second; most goes unprocessed • Serves three functions: (1) Keeps us from getting overwhelmed, (2) Gives us time to make decisions and (3) helps us create stability and continuity in our world

9. 3 Stages of Memory: Short-Term Memory • Things in your conscious mind at any given moment; memory that holds information for a brief time • Information must be stored into long term memory or it will be forgotten.

10. Remember this number 5406746487 540-674-6487

12. Remember this Code C k 4 g y 8 j b d 5 X j d 3 9 F d f h w

14. Remember This List Milk Cheese Butter Eggs Flour Apples Grapes Shampoo Bread Ground beef Cereal Catsup Green beans jam

16. 3 Stages of Memory: Short-Term Memory • How do we put information into long-term memory? Chunking-grouping items Maintenance Rehearsal-Repeating the information Working Memory-working with current information Primacy-Recency Effect-Remember items at the beginning or at the end of a list.

17. 3 Stages of Memory: Long Term Memory • Long-Term Memory: Storage of information over a long period of time

18. 3 Stages of Memory: Long-Term Memory • Endel Turving’s Theory: we have two types of memory (Semantic and Episodic) • Semantic: Knowledge of language including rules, words and meanings • Episodic: Unique version of our lives; how we remember events

19. 3 Stages of Memory: Long-Term Memory • L.R. Squire’s Model also includes two types • Declarative memory; includes both semantic and episodic. Information that we consciously use • Procedural memory: Memories/skills that do not require conscious efforts to recall (riding a bike, swimming, driving, etc.)

20. 3 Stages of Memory: Long-Term Memory • Some information may be lost over a period of time. This is debated among psychologists

21. Can Memories be Influenced? • http://streaming.factsonfile.com/PortalViewVideo.aspx?xtid=40125&loid=73388&psid=0&sid=0&State=&title=Classic Studies in Psychology&IsSearch=Y&parentSeriesID=#

22. Poster Assignment • Work in groups of 2-3 • Create a poster that shows the memory process OR the three stages of memory • Must have at least two illustrations

23. Learning Targets: At the end of class you will be able to- List the parts of the brain and their role in memory Define recognition and recall Discuss the reasons for forgetting information List ways to improve memory 1.) What were the three processes of memory? 2.) What are the three stage of memory? 3.) Explain the primacy-recency effect. 4.)What do you remember about the shootings at VT on 4/16/2007? Where were you? How did you hear? Etc. Bell Activity: 4/15/2013

24. More Review! • Eye Witness http://streaming.factsonfile.com/PortalViewVideo.aspx?xtid=35671&loid=76070&psid=0&sid=0&State=&title=Psychology Media Suite&IsSearch=Y&parentSeriesID=# • Primacy-Recency • Sleep

25. Textbook Assignment: (Page 280) • Explain what role each of the following play in memory: Cortex (Short Term), Thalmus, Hippocampus, Amygdala, and the Cortex (Long Term)

26. Memory Retrieval Processes include: Recognition Recall Relearning Forgetting Improving Memory Retrieving Information

27. Recognition: Identifying an object, idea or situation as something you are familiar with Ex: May not be able to recall a person’s name but you know you know them. Retrieving Information

28. Recall: Active reconstruction of all material Guided by experience, knowledge and clues from the environment. Memory may be altered by reconstructive processes, confabulation, or schemas State-Dependent Learning: Recalling information easily when in the same physical or emotional state as when the information was encoded. Retrieving Information

29. Bell Activity 4/16/2013 • Learning Targets: At the end of class, you will be able to- • Describe the memory retrieval process • Explain processes of forgetting information • List ways to improve memory 1.) What is confabulation? 2.) Which part of the brain helps with long term memory and our ability to transfer words, facts and events into long-term memory? 3.) What type of memory includes words, language and information we consciously use? 4.) What is the difference between recognition memory and recall? • Memory and Thought test on Thursday. • Vocabulary due on Wednesday. • Presentations on Friday

30. Relearning: Easier to relearn something if you already have exposure to the material. Retrieving Information

31. Forgetting: Failure of memory Input of memory fades away or decays over time (short term, not sure about long term) Interference sometimes plays a key role in memory failure Retrieving Information

32. Retrieving Memory Interference: 2 types, proactive and retroactive • Proactive: earlier memory blocks later information • Retroactive: New information blocks old memories • Interference may actually erase memories • Freud believed that in some cases the memories were subconsciously hidden (repression)

33. Retrieving Information • Amnesia • Loss of memory after traumatic head injury; could also occur from drug use or psychological stress The Man With No Memory

34. Retrieving Information • Infant Amnesia: lack of early declarative memories • Freud thought these memories were repressed due to infant trauma • May be due to infants not understanding language • Or hippocampus may not be mature enough

35. Memory Videos • The Mystery of Memory

36. Learning Targets: At the end of class, you will be able to -List ways to improve our memories. -Define Mnemonic Devices -Review for test on Memory and Thought 1.) What is the term that refers to the loss of memory and causes us to forget information? 2.) According to Freud what are memories that are “hidden?” Why are the “hidden?” 3.) What are the two types of interference? 4.) What techniques have your teachers used to try and help you remember information? Bell Activity 4/17/2013 TEST TOMORROW (THURSDAY)Presentations on Friday

37. It is easier to remember information if it is connected with information that you already know This is called elaborative rehearsal The more “categories” a memory is indexed under, the easier it is to access it later. Improving Memory

38. Overlearning: Keep rehearsing even after you think you know it. Don’t study similar material together Study a little at a time: Distributed Practice Improving Memory

39. Mnemonic Devices: Techniques to memorize and retrieve information ROY G BIV “Thirty Days has September…” “Every Good Boy Does Fine” Takes extra work to create the se devices but the work itself will help you memorize the material Improving Memories

40. Memory and Thought TestToday’s Test is on-line. Please follow the following instructions • Go to Mr. P’s Web Site: http://spetersopsych.wikispaces.com/ • Click on the Quia site • Click on the “Memory and Thought” Test • Type in your name • Type in the secret word “memory” • Answer all questions correctly! • Go to Edmodo and complete the assignment “Good Luck” from Joanie and Chachi!