1 / 72

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U53XWlGK4hY

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U53XWlGK4hY. Chapter 1. Introduction to Psychology and Methods of Research. Module 1.1. Foundations of Modern Psychology Psych-Mind Ology-Knowledge. You’re on a plane…. So what do you do….. What do your parents think? What do your friends think?

zaltana
Download Presentation

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U53XWlGK4hY

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U53XWlGK4hY

  2. Chapter 1 Introduction to Psychology and Methods of Research

  3. Module 1.1 Foundations of Modern Psychology Psych-Mind Ology-Knowledge

  4. You’re on a plane…. • So what do you do….. • What do your parents think? • What do your friends think? • What do YOU think?

  5. What Is Psychology? • The science of behavior and mental processes • What makes psychology scientific? • Evidence is valued over opinion and tradition

  6. Psychology? • Unknown to most people • Information concerning human behavior and the unconscious • Most who are considered to be in the field of psychology (as determined by the general population) are far from it. • SO WHAT?!

  7. Psychology? • Requires critical thinking skills!!! • More so than any other science. • Example: Chemistry • Hydrochloric Acid and Aluminum Foil: Predictions? Example: Psychology Josh’s parents get divorced when he is 7….when he turns 25 he will be __________________

  8. Don’t know much ‘bout Philosophy:Dialectic Progression of Ideas: Hegel Thesis Antithesis flaws/alt idea flaws/alt idea Synthesis: best of both New Thesis

  9. Philosophical Roots Rationalist Logic & reasoning is key (Think about it) Empiricist Experience & observation is key (Test it)

  10. How does it all fit? Philosophy Empiricism (Locke) Rationalism (Descartes) Synthesis: Both have a role (Kant)

  11. Founding of Psychology as an Independent Science • Wilhelm Wundt established the first scientific laboratory dedicated to study of psychology in 1879 • Marked transition of psychology from philosophy to science Repeat!

  12. Wundt, Titchner, and Structuralism • Wundt was interested in studying people’s mental experiences. • Used introspection • Edward Titchner brought Wundt’s teachings and methods to US. • Wundt and Titchner are identified with school of psychology known as structuralism.

  13. Introspection • Mental life and experience can be reduced to parts.

  14. William James and Functionalism • William James founded the school of psychology known as functionalism • Focused on the roles or functions that underlie mental processes • Why we do what we do • What do you experience • not as important as WHY

  15. Structure vs. Function That’s a carburetor! That mixes air and fuel!

  16. John Watson and Behaviorism • Watson founded behaviorism • Psychology should be a science of behavior only • Can’t see all this mental junk! • What can you see? • Believed that environment molds behavior • By 1920s, behaviorism became dominant force in American psychology.

  17. B. F. Skinner • Studied how behavior is shaped by rewards and punishments • Principles of learning apply to animals and humans alike.

  18. Just a quick note… • The psychologists of then: The psychologist of today…..

  19. Chapter 1 Introduction to Psychology and Methods of Research

  20. THE BOOKS ARE COMING! • ….so they say

  21. Last time…. • 1. What is psychology • 2. Philosophical roots of psychology? • 3. Who were the first psychologists? • …we had a great time • We left off with behaviorism

  22. B. F. Skinner • Studied how behavior is shaped by rewards and punishments • Principles of learning apply to animals and humans alike.

  23. Max Wertheimer and Gestalt Psychology • Wertheimer was fascinated by the illusion of movement by objects in the distance. • Founded Gestalt psychology • How does the brain organize and structure our perceptions of the world? • What might be some neat stuff which we can study with Gestalt Principles?

  24. One last good one…. • http://www.michaelbach.de/ot/mot_adaptSpiral/index.html • Deals with motion…… • “Aftereffect”-the cells in our eyes are following this light around and around and processing. • When we look away…cells still following the same pattern.

  25. Figure 1.2: What Is This? Gestalt maxim:“The whole is greater than the sum of the parts.”

  26. Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis • Founded psychodynamic perspective • Focused on the unconscious mind • Emphasized importance of early childhood experiences • Led to form of psychotherapy known as psychoanalysis • What is the unconscious? • Thoughts, memories and desires that • exert great influence on behavior.

  27. Contemporary Psychology • Behavioral Perspective • Social-cognitive theory • Behavioral therapy • Psychodynamic Perspective • Humanistic Perspective • Human beings cannot be reduced to components. • Human beings have in them a uniquely human context. • Human consciousness includes an awareness of oneself in the context of other people. • Human beings have choices and responsibilities. • Human beings are intentional, they seek meaning, value and creativity.

  28. Contemporary Psychology • Physiological Perspective • Evolutionary psychology • Cognitive Perspective • Sociocultural Perspective

  29. Module 1.2 Psychologists: Who They Are and What They Do

  30. Types of Psychological Research • Basic Research: Focuses on acquiring knowledge, even if no practical application • Applied Research: Focuses on finding solutions to specific problems

  31. Figure 1.3: Psychologists’ Areas of Specialization Source: American Psychological Association, Research Office, Current Major Field of APA Membership by Membership Status 2002, Updated April 2004.

  32. Figure 1.4: Where Psychologists Work Source: American Psychological Association, Employment Settings for PhD Psychologists: 2001, APA Research Office. July 2003.

  33. Experimental Comparative Physiological Clinical Counseling School Educational Developmental Personality Social Environmental Industrial/ Organizational Health Consumer Major Specialty Areas

  34. Emerging Specialty Areas • Neuropsychology • Clinical neuropsychology • Geropsychology • Forensic psychology • Sports psychology

  35. Chapter 1 Introduction to Psychology and Methods of Research

  36. Office Hours: • M-W • 9:45-10:15 • Gartley Hall: Room 7 (cognition lab) • Or any other time……

  37. Last Time • 1. Gestalt Psychology • Whole is greater than the sum of its parts. • 2. Freud • The unconscious mind directs behaviors and personality. • 3.Where do psychologists work? • 4. Themes in modern psychology

  38. Themes of Psychology • 1. Empirical Stuff! • Empiricism is the premise that knowledge should be acquired through observation (systematic) • Common sense, tradition, faith, dogma? • “People get sad around the holidays” (empirical ?’s) • How many people? Where? How do you know? What is the distribution? What do you mean by sad?

  39. Themes of Psychology • 2. Theoretically Diverse • A theory is a system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations. • Multiple causes for phenomena. • Billy is a jerk: • Why?

  40. Themes of Psychology • 3. Psychology evolves in a social historical context. • Trends greatly influence what is done and studied in psychology. • Homosexuality?

  41. Themes of Psychology • 4. Heredity and Environment • Nature vs. Nurture? • Which is it? • What do you think? • What do psychologists think?

  42. Themes of Psychology • 5. Our experience is HIGHLY subjective • Barry Bonds? • Love? Hate? • The scientific method is designed to counteract subjectivity.

  43. Module 1.3 Research Methods in Psychology

  44. The goals of scientific enterprise • 1. Measurement and Description • We must be able to measure and describe the phenomena under study. • Is there a God? • Why are people getting sick from Manoa Gardens?

  45. The goals of scientific enterprise • 2. Understanding and Prediction • Hypothesis? • Can we predict, control and explain? • My hypothesis is that they don’t wash their hands and there is bacteria in the food.

  46. The goals of scientific enterprise • 3.Application and Control. • We have our findings which show SUPPORT towards our theory…lets put it to work • Tell employees to wash hands!

  47. Figure 1.7: General Steps in the Scientific Method

  48. Case Study Method • In-depth study of one or more individuals • Information drawn from interviews, observation, or written records • Problems with case studies: • Limitations of memory • Withholding of important information • Concerns over making favorable impressions

  49. Survey Method • Information gathered from target groups of people through the use of: • Structured interviews • Questionnaires • Importance of random sampling • Problems: • Limitations of memory • Social desirability bias • Volunteer bias

More Related