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Cell organisation in the formation of tissues, organs and system in multicellular organisms

Cell organisation in the formation of tissues, organs and system in multicellular organisms. Multicellular organisms has five levels of organisation f rom the simplest to the most complex: Cells Tissues Organs Systems Organisms. Type of Cell & functions. TISSUE. Connective Tissue.

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Cell organisation in the formation of tissues, organs and system in multicellular organisms

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  1. Cell organisation in the formation of tissues, organs and system in multicellular organisms

  2. Multicellular organisms has five levels of organisation • from the simplest to the most complex: • Cells • Tissues • Organs • Systems • Organisms Tr.Rez@SB2013

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  4. Type of Cell & functions Tr.Rez@SB2013

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  8. TISSUE Tr.Rez@SB2013

  9. Connective Tissue Tr.Rez@SB2013

  10. Epithelial Tissue Tr.Rez@SB2013

  11. Muscle Tissue SKELETAL MUSCLE Tr.Rez@SB2013

  12. SMOOTH MUSCLE Tr.Rez@SB2013

  13. CARDIAC MUSCLE Tr.Rez@SB2013

  14. Nervous Tissue Tr.Rez@SB2013

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  16. 2.2.3 INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT Tr.Rez@SB2013

  17. The meaning of internal environment • External environment: • physical place where it lives in and where it interacts with other organisms • Internal environment : • environment inside the organisms, which is the fluid surrounding the cells Tr.Rez@SB2013

  18. The meaning of internal environment • Tissue fluid/interstitial fluid: • Fluid surrounding the cells • Fills the narrow spaces between the cells, bathes the cells, & keeps the cells functioning normally • Cells receive all their substances (nutrients & O2) from the blood stream through the tissue fluid Tr.Rez@SB2013

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  20. Factors Affecting Internal Environment • Factors affecting the internal environment: • Temperature (for human: 37⁰c) • pH value (for human: ≈ 7.4) • Osmotic pressure • Glucose level (for human : 90mg per 100 cm-3) Tr.Rez@SB2013

  21. Why maintain optimal temperature? • In humans, the internal environment is maintained at 37⁰C for optimal enzyme activity • If the temperature rises too high • enzymes are denatured & lose their ability to function • If the temperature falls too low • enzymes become inactive Tr.Rez@SB2013

  22. Why maintain optimal pH? • pH of human tissue fluid is 7.4 • Enzymes function within narrow range oh pH • If the pH changes, enzymes will be denatured and lose the ability to function Tr.Rez@SB2013

  23. The Necessity to Maintain Optimal Internal Environment

  24. Functions of the cells depends on their internal environment which are to: • Provide the cells with substances like nutrients, O2 & glucose • Remove metabolic waste products from cells • Provide an optimal temperature and pH balance for the enzyme to function properly • Provide optimal osmotic pressure & glucose level for cells to function accurately Tr.Rez@SB2013

  25. Homeostasis

  26. Homeostasis • Maintenance of a steady state in the internal environment • The steady state is the optimum level for all body functions • Organ systems interact with one another to maintain a stable internal environment Tr.Rez@SB2013

  27. Homeostasis maintained: • Temperature : • by integumentary, nervous and endocrine system • Blood pH : • controlled by nervous & endocrine system • Osmotic pressure : • controlled by endocrine system, kidney & ADH hormone • Blood pressure : • controlled by endocrine system, glucagon & insulin Tr.Rez@SB2013

  28. Receptor detects stimulus & start corrective mechanism Stimulus (above normal) Negative feedback normal condition normal condition Stimulus (below normal) Negative feedback Receptor detects stimulus & start corrective mechanism Tr.Rez@SB2013

  29. Glucose level Tr.Rez@SB2013

  30. Temperature Tr.Rez@SB2013

  31. Osmotic Pressure Tr.Rez@SB2013

  32. pH • Above / below pH 7.4 • Involves the following systems: • Respiratory system • Excretory system • Circulatory system • Maintain optimal pH by monitoring the concentrations of ions & salts in the blood Tr.Rez@SB2013

  33. The Uniqueness of The Cell

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