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Kingdom Animalia

Kingdom Animalia . Biology I Honors. Characteristics of the Animal Kingdom. Eukaryotic Multicellular Heterotrophic No Cell Walls. Evolutionary Trends in Animals. Animals (like all life forms) follow a trend in their evolution from the early forms to the ones we have today:

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Kingdom Animalia

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  1. Kingdom Animalia Biology I Honors

  2. Characteristics of the Animal Kingdom • Eukaryotic • Multicellular • Heterotrophic • No Cell Walls

  3. Evolutionary Trends in Animals • Animals (like all life forms) follow a trend in their evolution from the early forms to the ones we have today: • SIMPLE to COMPLEX • Keep this in mind as you view the information on trends in basic animal body forms… • Body symmetry • Tissue Layers • Body Cavities • Cephalization

  4. Body Symmetry • Body symmetry refers to how many different imaginary planes (cuts) through an animal’s body will result in two symmetrical halves. • There are 3 types of symmetry

  5. Body Symmetry Types • Assymetry • the animal lacks symmetry. • There is no plane through which you could cut it and get two symmetrical halves. • Only ONE animal group has this type: • Sponges

  6. Body Symmetry Types • Radial Symmetry • Symmetry like that of a bicycle wheel. • Any number of imaginary planes can divide the body into two equal, symmetrical halves.

  7. Body Symmetry Types • BilateralSymmetry • Symmetry in which only ONE plane will result in two symmetrical halves. • Most advanced type • results in the following body regions: • Dorsal – back side • Ventral – belly side • Anterior – head end • Posterior – tail end

  8. Body Regions in Bilateral Animals Dorsal Anterior Posterior Ventral

  9. Evolutionary Trends in Animal Tissue Layers • 3 Fundamental animal tissues exist • Ectoderm • Outermost layer • Mesoderm • Middle layer • Endoderm • Innermost layer • Not all animals possess all 3 • Sponges have NONE • Jellyfish have only TWO • More advanced animals have ALL THREE

  10. Evolutionary Trends in Body Cavities (spaces) coelom • A body cavity is a space in an animal’s body that contains its organs • Coelom = Body Cavity • So what’s the trend? • Most primitive/simple animals don’t have one • Called Acoelomate • Some animals “sort of” have one • More advanced/complex animals have a true body cavity • Called Coelomate Gut Gut, but No coelom

  11. Processes of Animals • Animals, like all organisms, must carry out many different processes in order to survive…. • Feed and Digest • Exchange gases with environment • Transport material through the body • Remove waste materials • Respond to Stimulii • Move • Reproduce

  12. Process 1: Feed and Digest • What is digestion? • Digestion – breaking down and absorbing the food that is taken in • ALL modes of digestion MUST have • A means to break down food • A means to absorb nutrients the food contained • Usually involves some organ with lots of surface area • A means to get rid of food that cannot be used (solid waste)

  13. Modes of Obtaining Food • Herbivore • Consume plant material

  14. Modes of Obtaining Food • Carnivore • Consume other animals

  15. Modes of Obtaining Food • Parasite – fluid feeder • Obtain liquid food from LIVING animals Tapeworms

  16. Modes of Obtaining Food • Detritivore (Decomposer) • Eat animals that are already dead • Eat animal waste

  17. Modes of Obtaining Food • Filter feeding • Filtering tiny food particles from the environment (water) • Usually feed on plankton

  18. Modes of Digestion Individual Cell • Cellular level • Most primitive and simple • NO organs – each individual cell ingests and digests its own food • Food vacuoles and lysosomes • What animals do this? • ONLY SPONGES!

  19. Modes of Digestion Gut • Incomplete Digestive System • Mouth present • Gut present • Digestive cavity • Where digestion happens • NO anus • Who does this? • Jellyfish • Flatworms ANUS??? Mouth

  20. Modes of Digestion • Complete Digestive System • TUBE digestive system • Mouth, gut AND anus • Allows for efficient “assembly line” processing of food • Different things happen to food as it passes through the tube

  21. Process 2: Gas Exchange (respiration) • Oxygen in and Carbon Dioxide out • Membranes must be moist and thin • So that oxygen can dissolve on their surface and be collected • Easily lose water if exposed to air

  22. Requirements of a Gas Exchange (Respiratory) Organ • Must have enough surface area to adequately exchange gases with the environment • Gas exchange membranes must be moist • So that oxygen can dissolve on their surfaces and be collected • Membranes must be thin • So that oxygen candiffuse into the respiratory organ cells • PROBLEM for LAND animals: THIN MOIST membranesEASILYlosewater to the land environment Large surface area achieved by folding membranes

  23. Common Modes of Gas Exchange in Animals • Simple Diffusion across body surface • SIMPLEST • No fancy respiratory organs required! • Who does this? • Sponges • Cnidarians • Flatworms • Segmented worms

  24. Modes of Gas Exchange • Gills • Obtain oxygen from WATER • Respiratory organs constantly exposed to water GILLS

  25. Process 2: Gas Exchange (respiration) • Lungs • Obtain oxygen from air • PROBLEM: Lungs can’t be exposed to air due to problems with WATER LOSS • Overcome problem by hiding breathing organs inside body • Easier to keep membrane moist • Prevention of water loss

  26. Process 2: Gas Exchange (respiration) • Anefficient respiratory system is CLOSELY tied to a circulatory system • Respiratory system COLLECTS oxygen • Circulatory transports it where it needs to go Air Sacs receive oxygen from air Blood vessels Take oxygen to The body

  27. Process 3 – Transport of Material through the Body • What substances are transported through the circulatory system? • Oxygen • Nutrients • Wastes • Carbon dioxide • Nitrogenous waste

  28. Process 3 – Internal Transport (circulation) • Most SIMPLE form internal transport: • Diffusion • Noorgansystem required • Who does this? • More simple animals • Sponges (Porifera) • Jellyfish (Cnidaria) • Flatworms (Platyhelminthes)

  29. Process 3 – Common modes of internal transport (circulation) • Open circulatory system • Composed of: • Heart • Blood • Only PARTIALblood vessels • Blood does NOT remain contained in blood vessels • floats free in the body cavity part of the time. • Reduces efficiency • Oxygen rich and oxygen poor blood mix in the body cavity

  30. Process 3 – Common modes of internal transport (circulation) • Closed circulatory system • Blood ALWAYS remains contained in blood vessels • Most efficient system • NO mixing of oxygen rich and oxygen poor blood in the body cavity • Components of a CLOSED ciruclatory system: • Heart • Blood • Blood vessels

  31. Process 4 – Removal of Nitrogenous Waste • Also called EXCRETION • Removal of toxins that would otherwise poison the body • Where do these toxins come from? • Animals MAKE THEM!

  32. What is Nitrogenous Waste? • Nitrogenous Waste is waste made from the breakdown ofproteins animals get from their food • The initial form of this nitrogenous waste is AMMONIA • HIGHLY, HIGHLY TOXIC! • Will kill animals if they don’t do something to get rid of it!!

  33. Process 4 – Removal of Nitrogenous Waste • Excretion is approached differently in different animals depending on the complexity of their body and on where they live • Simple vs. Complex • Fresh water vs. salt water vs. land habitats

  34. Process 4 – Removal of Nitrogenous Waste • Fresh water animals • Have constant access to plenty of freshwater and it CONSTANTLY enters their body cells by osmosis • Unlimited access to water eliminates any concern these animals might have about water loss from their tissues • This means the general solution to nitrogenous waste is to • DILUTE THE AMMONIA IN MASSIVE AMOUNTS OF WATER • CONSTANTLYREMOVE THIS AMMONIA/ WATER OUT OF THE BODY

  35. Nitrogenous Waste Removal Strategies (Freshwater) • SIMPLE freshwater animals • DIFFUSE very dilute ammonia across their whole body surface all the time • In More complex freshwater animals (like fish) ammonia is removed by • constant urination of very dilute ammonia AND • Diffusion of ammonia across gill surface

  36. Nitrogenous Waste Removal Strategies (salt water and land animals) • In salt water and land animals • Water is NOT constantly available • Constant urination is NOT an option • Ammonia must be immediately converted to a less toxic form that can be held in the body longer without causing poisoning right away • Urea – mammals and amphibians • Uric acid – birds and reptiles

  37. Modes of Excretion • Diffusion across body surfaces • Who does this? • Sponges • Jellyfish

  38. Modes of Excretion • Specialized cells that continually pump out water/waste • Who does this? • Flatworms

  39. Modes of Excretion • Diffusion across gills AND constant dilute urination of ammonia • Involves • Gills • Kidney (not terribly well developed) • Freshwater fish

  40. Modes of Excretion • Convert Ammonia to less toxic substance in LIVER • Urea • Uric acid • Filter urea/uric acid from blood • Requires well developed kidney • Release a very concentrated urine • Very little water lost • Who does this? • Reptiles • Birds • Mammals

  41. Process 5 – Respond to Stimuli • Nervous System • Components of nervous system • Sensory organs • Eyes, ears, etc. • Brain and/or ganglia • Ganglia = small clumps of nerve cells • “mini brains” • Nerves

  42. Process 5 – Respond to Stimuli – Sensory Organs

  43. Process 5 – Respond to Stimuli – Brain/Ganglia

  44. Process 5 – Respond to Stimuli – Nerves

  45. Process 6 – Movement • Sessile • Some animals cannot move • Guess who… • Motile • Most animals can…

  46. Process 6 – Movement • Some animals that move use… • ONLY muscle • Like worms • Combination of two systems • Muscular AND • Skeletal

  47. Not all animals have a skeleton, but for those that do… • Skeletal system provides • Protection • Support • Resistance so that muscles can move the body • Two types of skeletons are found among animals • Exoskeleton • Outside the body • Endoskeleton • Inside the body

  48. Process 7 - Reproduction • Making new organisms • Many modes of reproduction exist • 2 major • Asexual • Sexual

  49. Asexual Reproduction • Advantages • Don’t have to find a partner • Disadvantages • NO genetic variety • Types • Budding • hydra • Fragmentation • Entire sea star grows from one broken off limb

  50. Sexual Reproduction • Different Depending on habitat • WATER • LAND

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