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I. The Middle East: Religion and Politics II. Africa: The Search for National Identities

I. The Middle East: Religion and Politics II. Africa: The Search for National Identities. I. The Middle East: Religion and Politics A. Decolonization Egypt Gamal Abdel Nasser overthrows King Faruq > Republic, 1953 control of Suez.

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I. The Middle East: Religion and Politics II. Africa: The Search for National Identities

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  1. I. The Middle East: Religion and Politics II. Africa: The Search for National Identities

  2. I. The Middle East: Religion and Politics A. Decolonization Egypt • Gamal Abdel Nasser • overthrows King Faruq • > Republic, 1953 • control of Suez

  3. I. The Middle East: Religion and Politics B. The Arab-Israeli Conflict • Arab League • rejects partition • May 1948, Israel • David Ben Gurion 1967, Nasser • threatens war • defeated by Israel • 1964, Palestinian Liberation Organization • 1967, UN Resolution 242 • Soviet Union aids Arab states • U.S. aids Israel and Arab states • Yom Kippur War, 1973 • Soviets and U.S. square off • 1974, Egyptian-Israeli agreement

  4. The Middle East: Religion and Politics • C. The Politics of Oil • 1933, Ibn Sa’ud • concession to Standard Oil • > ARAMCO • OPEC • Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela • Embargo, 1973 • D. Egyptian-Israeli Détente • 1977, Anwar Sadat • peace talks with Israel • Camp David, 1978 • President Carter • Menachim Begin • Anwar Sadat • Sinai returned to Egypt • > Egypt expelled from Arab League

  5. I. The Middle East: Religion and Politics • E. The Evolution of Turkey • Atatürk • Secularization 1946, multiparty elections • 1990s • Tansu Ciller, first female premier • Necmettin Erbakan, first Islamist • Refah party • Islamic reform • outlawed, 1998 • Islamist Justice and Development Party • moderate • 2002, two-thirds majority • Recep Erdogan premier

  6. I. The Middle East: Religion and Politics • F. The Iranian Revolution • U.S. v. Soviets • Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi • Iranian Communist party (Tudeh) • Mohammad Mosaddeq, Prime Minister • 1978, student demonstrations • > 1979, Shah flees • Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini • Western trends reversed • Sharia reimposed • Iran-Iraq war • 1980, Hussein attacks Iran • 1989, armistice • 1997, Mohammad Khatami • (re-elected, 2001) • 1995, Mahmoud Almadinejad

  7. (G. Toward a New Balance) • Iraq • Saddam Hussein • 1990, Kuwait attacked • UN response • Coalition • Jordan, PLO aid Iraq • 1991, Iraq bombed • 2003, overthrown • factional divisions • anti-U.S. insurgency H. Islamist Factions • Hamas • rejects Israel • Al-Qaeda • Osama Bin Laden • I. The Middle East: Religion and Politics • G. Toward a New Balance • Egypt • Anwar Sadat • Muslim Brotherhood • Hosni Mubarak • Arab-Israeli Conflict • Intifada • 1993, Arafat and Yitzhak Rabin • Oslo Peace Accord Palestinian Authority 1994, Jordan and Palestine • 1995, Rabin assassinated 2001, Ariel Sharon • World Trade Center attacked

  8. II. Africa: The Search for National Identities • A. Trends • 1950s, 1960s, independence for many • Organization of African Unity, 1963 • 1980s, second wave of independence • Capitalism v. communism, socialism • Neocolonialism • ties remain with colonizers • IMF • Structural Adjustment Programs • market model • AIDS

  9. II. Africa: The Search for National Identities • B. North Africa • Tunisia, Morocco • 1956, independence • Algeria • Front for National Liberation (FLN) • Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) 2004 Elections • Abelazic Bouteflika • Libya • Muammar al-Qadhaffi • 1969, overthrows monarchy • inspired by Nasser • Jamahiriya • socialism + Islam • 1977, “Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya” • Lockerbie bombing

  10. (C. Middle Africa) • Democratic Republic of Congo • 1960, independence • Joseph Mobutu Sese Seko coup, 1965 • > Zaïre • Laurent Kabila • uprising, 1997 • 2000, assassinated • 2006, Joseph Kabila • II. Africa: The Search for National Identities • C. Middle Africa • Ghana • 1957, Kwame Nkrumah • prime minister • > dictator • 1966, coup • > military rule • 1969, elections restored • 2000, John Kufuor • Nigeria • 1960, independence • 1966, military coup • 1967, Republic of Biafra • secession • Olesegun Obasanjo • elected 1993, 2003

  11. (D. Northeastern Africa) • Sudan • Darfur • Janjaweed • II. Africa: The Search for National Identities • D. Northeastern Africa • Ethiopia • Haile Selassie • 1973, famine • > military coup, 1974 • Mengistu Haile Meriam • > socialism • Dergue, council 1991, Tigreans conflict with Eritrea • Somalia • Siad Barré, from Maréhan clan • 1991, civil war • > famine • UN forces • Rwanda • Hutus v. Tutsis • 1974, Juvenal Habyarimana • Hutu • 1990, Tutsi rebels from Uganda • > civil war • Hutu massacre of Tutsis, 1994 • Paul Kagame Tutsi

  12. II. Africa: The Search for National Identities • E. Southern Africa • 1974, Portuguese coup • > independence for colonies • Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau • Angola • National Union for the Total Independence of Angola • (UNITA) • aided by U.S. • Movement for the Popular Liberation of Angola (MPLA) • aided by Soviet Union and Cuba • Jonas Savimbi • 2002, killed

  13. II. Africa: The Search for National Identities • (E. Southern Africa) • Zimbabwe • 1960s, rebellion against white rule • Joshua Nkomo, Robert Mugabe • boycott 1978 elections • > new elections, 1980 • Mugabe president • South Africa • 1948, apartheid • Population Registration Act • Group Areas Act • based on Bantustans • Protest • 1956, women’s march, Pretoria • 1976, student protests • 1989, F. W. de Klerk • legalizes banned parties • frees Nelson Mandela • 1994, free elections • Mandela elected president • 1999, 2004 • Thabo Mbeki president

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