World History Chapter 2 (All) and 3 (Phoenicians)

1. World History Chapter 2 (All) and 3 (Phoenicians)

3. Geography of the Fertile Crescent The Fertile Crescent Environmental Challenges Around 3300 B.C. Sumerians begin farming southern Mesopotamia Environment poses three disadvantages: 1. floods are unpredictable; sometimes no rain 2.land offers no barriers to invasion 3. land has few natural resources; building materials scarce • Fertile Crescent: arc of land between Persian Gulf and Mediterranean • Includes Mesopotamia:“land between the rivers” • Tigris and Euphrates rivers flood once a year, leaving rich soil.

5. Solving Problems Through Organization Sumerians Work Together • build irrigation ditches to control water, • produce crops • build walled cities for defense • trade grain, cloth, and tools for raw materials • stone, wood metal • Organization, leadership, and laws are beginning of civilization

6. City States of Mesopotamia https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w-6HOQiuIgE • By 3000 B.C. Sumerians build cities surrounded by fields of crops • Each is a city-state—an independent political unit • Sumer city-states Uruk, Kish, Lagash, Umma, and Ur • Each city has temple and ziggurat; priests appeal to gods

7. Culture Religion Society Sumerians have social classes—kings, landholders, priests at top Wealthy merchants next; at lowest levels are slaves Women have many rights; become priests, merchants, artisans • Sumerians believe in many different gods polytheism • Gods are thought to control forces of nature • Gods behave as humans do, but people are gods’ servants • Life after death is bleak and gloomy

9. First Empire (Sargon of Akkad) • Mesopotamian City-states were constantly fighting between 3000-2000 BC • This made the City-states weak • Sargon of Akkad (King of a city-state North of Sumer) Conquered Sumer and all the city-states in Mesopotamia • Created the First EMPIRE by uniting the city-states in Northern and Southern Mesopotamia • Empire – Peoples, nations, or independent states under the control of one ruler

10. Hammurabi’s Code • Hammurabi creates a code of laws for the Babylonian Empire • 282 laws on all aspects of life; engraved in stone and made public • Set different punishments depending on social class, gender • Goal for government to take responsibility for order, justice

11. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w8v2vRlLL58

12. Quote • “Do the difficult things while they are easy and do the great things while they are small. A journey of a thousand miles must begin with a single step” • Lao Tzu

13. Quote • “I have always found that mercy bears richer fruits than strict justice.” • Abraham Lincoln

14. Lesson Essential QuestionLEQ-8/18/14 • What is common about the first four (4) civilizations we are talking about in World History?

15. Egyptian Geography

16. Egyptian Geography Nile River – annual flood, predictable Natural barriers – deserts on both sides Delta – land formed by silt deposits at mouth of river; triangular

17. Egyptian Life

18. Pharaoh God-kings Theocracy – government is based on religious authority

19. Mummification Belief in afterlife Mummification

20. Religion Polytheistic Ra – sun god Osiris – god of the dead Horus – pharaoh Amun – god of creation Akhenaten (1364-1347 BCE) – monotheism w/ Ra as only god

21. Writing Hieroglyphics: Egyptian pictograph writing Scribe: person who wrote things down

22. Government King Narmer unified the kingdom from 3000 BCE to 2180 BCE – Old Kingdom 2040 BCE – 1640 BCE Middle Kingdom 1570 BCE – 1075 BCE New Kingdom Then controlled by others – Kush, Assyrians

23. Quote • “Victorious warriors win first and then go to war, while defeated warriors go to war first and then seek to win.” • Sun Tzu

24. Assignment 8/18 • Read and answer the questions in Chapter 2 sections 1 & 2 (7 questions). • If you finish early, begin reading Chapter 2 section 3 so you can answer questions tomorrow. • (hint: I may have a pop quiz on section 3 tomorrow. BE PREPARED)

25. Indus River Valley

26. India Geography!

27. Geography Mountains (N) and desert (E) separate India from the rest of Asia Indus and Ganges Rivers Monsoons: cyclical, seasonal winds that bring rainor dryness

28. Civilization!! • 7,000 BCE domestication and agriculture • 2,500 BCE first cities • Harappan civilizations – made of large cities • Mohenjo-Daro • Harappa

29. Planning Language Harappan cities were planned! (page 46) Not deciphered Believed to be similar to hieroglyphics and cuneiform

30. Culture Religion Few weapons Artifacts – toys! (prosperous & could afford nonessentials) Animals very important to society Possible theocracy Artifacts link to Hindu culture (will cover later) Important figures still used today (example: bull)

31. Assignment Answer questions in Chapter 2 Section 3 – including the Skillbuilder (5 questions)

32. Lesson Essential QuestionLEQ-8/21/14 • Why did the ancient Chinese use Oracle bones?

33. Geography of China Gobi Desert Taklimakan Desert China’s Heartland Huang He (Yellow) River Yellow Sea Plateau of Tibet Himalayas East China Sea Yangtze River Kunlun Mountains South China Sea

34. Geography of China (cont.) Rivers: • Huang He (Yellow): north • Frequent violent flooding • Deposits of silt • good for agriculture • Yangtze: south

35. Chinese Culture • Family • main loyalty for Chinese • respect, obedience & loyalty to ruler • Hierarchy • strict social classes • Religion • spirits of ancestors helpful or not • Oracle bones • Writing • characters • written language same for all spoken dialects

36. Early Chinese Dynasties • Shang(1700 – 1027 B.C.) overthrown by the … • Zhou (1027 B.C. – 256 B.C.) • justified conquest by Mandate of Heaven- ruler has approval of gods • Dynastic cycle - loss of Mandate of Heaven leads to new dynasty • lost power to nobles who gained power & fought • move away from ancient values

37. Yellow River Valley

38. Phoenicians (Chapter 3 Section3)

39. Phoenicians

41. Geography • Phoenicia was located between the eastern Mediterranean coast and the Lebanon Mountains

42. Government • Not a unified nation • Consisted of independent city-states

43. Phoenicians Were Sailors • Sailing • No maps or modern technology • Sailed beyond Gibraltar (Pillars of Hercules) • Evidence that they may have circumnavigated Africa

44. Phoenician Colonies • Sailed and colonized throughout the Mediterranean beginning circa 1000 B.C.E. • Gades (Cadiz, Spain) • Carthage (Tunis, Tunisia) • Modern DNA testing links Palestinians, Lebanese, and residents of old Phoenician colonies

45. Trade • Leading sailors and traders of ancient world • They traded: • Cloth • Dye (purple dye prized by kings, made from shellfish murex) • Glass • Pottery • Traded for: • Tin (Britannia) • Hides, ivory, ostrich feathers, and slaves (Africa) • Gold, precious stones, and spices (India)

46. Trade

47. Trade

48. Alphabet • Trading carried both goods and culture (ideas) to other people where they traded • Adopted and adapted Egyptian hieroglyphics into an alphabet off 22 symbols (letters) representing sounds

49. Phoenicians • Phoenicians are most known (famous) for • Trading • The Phonetic (Phoenicia) Alphabet

50. Quote • “If you could kick the person in the pants responsible for most of your trouble, you wouldn't sit for a month” • Theodore Roosevelt