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World History 2. 1/5 to 1/9. Chapter 21.1 notes. Spanish Empire :
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World History 2 1/5 to 1/9
Chapter 21.1 notes • Spanish Empire: • A. What allowed for King Phillip and Spain to become so powerful? (think about land and wealth) Gained Portugal when his uncle died so now he has the land and wealthy of Spain and Portugal. Also Spanish territories in the America’s were brining in mass amounts of wealth. Global Empire • B. In what ways did King Phillip defend Catholicism? (think about the Ottoman Empire – Muslims- as well as England – Protestants) He sent Spanish military to fight Muslims in the Ottoman Empire (along with the Pope). Sent the Spanish Armada to England to fight Queen Elizabeth and the Protestants (although he was defeated) • 2. Spanish Art and Literature: • A. In what ways were Spanish monarchs like merchants of the Renaissance?They were patrons of the arts. • B. Who were the two famous Spanish artists and describe their work in art? 1. El Greco – distorted the human figured and used clashing colors, and expressed emotion symbolically. Represented Catholicism • 2. Velazquez – Represented Spanish Monarchy. Painted Royal family and court life.
Chapter 21.1 notes • 3. Spanish Empire Weakens • A. How did inflation and taxes lead to problems? Inflation – value of money decreased and price of good increased – occurred because as the population increased there was an increase in demand for good so merchants could raise prices. Taxes: nobles did not pay taxes so the lower class had to which caused them to be extremely poor • B. How did expensive goods produced in Spain cause their enemies to become wealthy. Spanish produced expensive goods so they imported goods from other countries. This means their wealth was being making other countries wealthier. • C. How did the Dutch Revolt impact Spain? Philip raised taxes in the Netherlands and was attempting to crush Protestantism. This lead to a rebellion. Spain had to put much money and effort into fighting the Dutch. This lasted for 11 years.
Chapter 21.1 Notes • 4. Dutch Prosper (Succeed) • A. Why were the Dutch different? Practiced Religious Toleration and were a republic (leaders were elected by support of merchants/land holders) • B. How was Dutch like Italy during the Renaissance? Best banks and artists • C. Who were the Dutch Artists and what are they known for? 1. Rembrandt – painted wealthy middle class merchants. 2. Vermeer – indoor settings and women ( art portrayed the importance of merchants/leaders/middle class) • D. How did trade lead to economic growth? Sent grain to southern Europe where prices were high and dominated Asian Spice trade (=more money) • 5. Absolutism in Europe • A. Define Absolute Monarch – king/queen who held all power • B. Define Divine Right – monarch was a representative of God on Earth • C. What lead to the growing power of Monarchs? As cities formed, power/authority was centralized and middle class supported monarchs because monarchs supported business. Also, power of church was declining. • D. How did crisis lead to absolutism? Monarchs used war to strengthen their own power through regulation.
Chapter 21.2 group work – Louis XIV • Huguenots – French Protestants • Religious Struggles • Many Protestant nobles killed • Henry the IV comes to the thrown – converts to Catholicism to ease religious tensions, but many people opposed Henry. • Henry created the edict of nantes which allowed for Protestants to live peacefully in France • Some people hated Henry’s religious toleration and he was stabbed
Chapter 21.2 group work – Louis XIV • Cardinal Richelieu – advisor of Louis XIII – made most political decisions • 2 steps to increase power of monarchy:1. claimed Protestantism was a way to conspire against the crown2. weakened nobles power and increased power of middle class
Chapter 21.2 group work – Louis XIV • Writer’s and Skepticism • Nothing can be known for certain • Montaigne – developed the essay – beliefs are always changed and replaced so humans can never have absolute knowledge of what is true. • Descartes – one can never be certain of everything. Based decisions on observation – influenced scientific method
Chapter 21.2 group work – Louis XIV • Louis XIV • Cardinal Marazin – advisor of Louis because he was only 4 • Many anti-Marazin riots because he raised taxes and strengthened the central government • Threats to king so Louis was determined to become to most powerful king so people would never again threaten him. • Louis weakens nobles authority – excluded from councils • Intendants: agents who collected taxes and administered justice
Chapter 21.2 group work – Louis XIV • Jean Baptiste Colbert: aimed to make France self-sufficient (don’t depend on any other countries) • Sun King’s Grand Style • Kept nobles in palace because it made nobles dependent on Louis and took them from their homes
Chapter 21.2 group work – Louis XIV • Louis tries to expand empire by invading Netherlands. Gained some land, but failed because Dutch opened up dikes and flooded the city. • Weaker European countries allied with each other to stop France • France weakens because of poor harvests and high taxes (to fund wars) caused people to suffer
Chapter 21.2 group work – Louis XIV • War For Succession • King of Spain died and throne was to go to Louis’s grandson which worried people to have 2 French rulers in Europe • Other European countries ban together to try to stop this. • War for about 15 years, and result was that Louis’s grandson could keep the throne so long as Spain and France did not unite. • British benefited from the war because they gained land and water access to Mediterranean.
Chapter 21.3 – European monarchs clash Cause Effect Protestant Bohemians (Czech Republic) revolted against Ferdinand and Protestant Princes took this chance to challenge their Catholic Emperor • Ferdinand II (Hapsburg Family) became the Roman Emperor with control over Bohemia • Thirty Years’ War: Conflict over religion and territory and for power among European Ruling families. 1618-1648 • Protestant Union vs. the Catholic League – tensions between religions had been rising
Chapter 21.3 – European monarchs clash Ferdinand II – Roman emperor and ruler of Czech republic Results German Protestant Princes challenged Catholicism Religion was not the only factor…What might other factors be?
Chapter 21.3 – European monarchs clash • France Gets involved • Hapsburg dominated first half of war. • 1630 – Swedish Protestant – GustavusAdolphus – drove Hapsburg family out of Northern Germany, but then Gustavus was killed. • Cardinal Richelieu and Cardinal Mazarin took charge. Why? …………Fear of another ruler becoming as powerful as the French King. • War devastated Germany….How?
Chapter 21.3 – European monarchs clash • Read Page 605 and answer the following questions. • How did the economy in central Europe contrast with western Europe? How did this impact the rise of states? • Why was Poland, the Roman Empire, and the Ottoman Empire weak? What does this mean for the creation of states? • How was Austria able to become stronger? • Who inherited the Austrian throne?
Chapter 21.3 – European monarchs clash • Prussia: Hohenzollerns (ruling family) increased land owned by Prussia by gaining control over German States. • Fredrick William (leader of Prussia) believed strong army was needed for safety. • Fredrick II = Fredrick The Great (F. W.’s son) F.W. was worried Fredrick II was not militarized enough, but became ruler and followed policies. • Softened some laws
Chapter 21.3 – European monarchs clash • Read Page 607 and answer the following questions • Why did Fredrick want Silesia? What did this mean for Austria and Maria Theresa? • What was the result of this action? • What was the 7 years’ war? What caused it and what were the implications?
