The Cold War

1. The Cold War American History

2. Introduction to The Cold War • What is a Cold War? • Who fights in a Cold War? • How do you fight a Cold War?

3. Battle of ideology Battle of culture Battle of values Democratic vs. Totalitarian Western vs. Eastern, American vs. Soviet Capitalist vs. Socialist What? and Who?

4. Weapons of a Cold War • Foreign Policy: Strategy • Truman Doctrine • Economic Aid: Loans, Investments • Marshall Plan • Alliances: Security Pacts, Organizations • NATO, Warsaw Pact • Technology: Military Weapons • Nuclear Weapons, Satellites • Propaganda: Radio, TV, News • Covert Warfare: Spies, Coups, Sabotage

5. US Cold War Foreign Policy • Advisory Organizations • Architects of Cold War Foreign Policy • “On the Sources of Soviet Conduct” • Containment • The Truman Doctrine

6. Advisory Organizations • National Security Council – NSC - Comprised of Secretaries of Military branches, and Department of State & Defense • Department of Defense (1947) -- coordinates military & diplomatic activities. • Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) -- coordinates intelligence gathering bodies & conducts covert operations.

7. Architects -- George Marshall • Appointed Secretary of State in 1947. Was Army Chief of Staff during WWII. Driving force behind the plan for the economic recovery of Europe.

8. Architects -- Dean Acheson • Appointed Undersecretary of State by Marshall. Would eventually succeed Marshall as Secretary of State.

9. Architects -- George Kennan • Kennan was a career foreign service officer who had become an expert on the Soviet Union. • Deputy to George Marshall • Wrote “On the Sources of Soviet Conduct,” under the pen-name “X” which became the basis of the US “Containment” strategy.

10. “On the Sources of Soviet Conduct” • Soviet paranoia of foreign hostility • Need for unlimited domestic authority • Promotion of revolutions abroad to justify Communist control of Soviet Union • Therefore, US Policy must be that of “long-term, patient, but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansion.”

11. The “Truman Doctrine” • “Containments” first test • Britain unable to support Greece & Turkey • USSR demands land concessions from Turkey • US to fill British role • Truman requests $400 million & military advisors towards defeating communist insurgents.

12. Containment -- CHINA • Nationalist Chinese, led by Chiang Kai-shek at war with Communist Chinese, led by Mao Zedong. • US supports Chiang • Chiang’s corruption devastates economy

13. Containment -- CHINA • People rally behind Mao, who promises an end to inflation • Soviets back Mao • Chiang forced to island of Taiwan in 1949 • People’s Republic of China is established

14. Containment -- CHINA • US Response: 1) Refused to recognize the People’s Republic 2) Signed peace treaty with Japan, granting rights for US military bases in Japan

15. Summary • A Cold War is a battle of ideologies, values, and cultures fought with non-military weapons designed to undermine the enemy’s claims of legitimacy. • US Cold War foreign policy is guided by the “Truman Doctrine” of containment • Containment faced its first test in Greece, Turkey, and the Communist revolution in China

16. Quiz: • The cold war was a battle of what three areas? Ideology, culture, values • Name one of the weapons of the cold war Foreign Policy, Economic Aid, Alliances, Technology, Propaganda,Covert Warfare • Name one of the advisory organizations NSC, Department of Defense, CIA • What was the name given to the foreign policy strategy toward communism? Containment • What the doctrine that was used first to enforce this policy? Truman Doctrine