Conflict, Exploration, and Isolation

1. Conflict, Exploration, and Isolation UNIT 3 How people got crowded out, ticked off, runned off, shut in, and generally just didn’t get along

2. The Hundred Years War • Cause • Claims on the French Throne • Last French Capetian dynasty king died with no heir to the throne • Both England’s Edward III and France’s Philip VI claimed the throne • Edward III was son to Princess Isabella of France (Married King Edward II of England) • Philip VI was French and a distant cousin of the late king • Edward III begins war • 1337 – first battles fought

3. The Hundred Years War Crecy • The Longbow changes Warfare • Battles of Crecy (1346), Poitiers (1356), and Agincourt (1415) • Smaller English forces defeat strong French armies with masses of archers • Ended Chivalric warfare • No more big cavalry charges by knights in shining armor • Gunpowder • Cannon and handguns appear on the battlefield late in the war • Were first more effective at shooting holes in walls and scaring horses than hitting moving targets Poitiers Agincourt

4. The Hundred Years War • Joan of Arc • Said God sent her to save French throne from Henry V of England • English and French had agreed to give crown to Henry V in 1420 upon death of Charles VI • Siege of Orleans • 1429 – she leads French army in defeating the English • Led to Charles VII, son of Charles VI, being crowned king • Betrayal and Death • Eventually betrayed by French and burned at stake by English as a witch

5. The Hundred Years War • War ended in 1453 • Results • Each side gained a feeling of nationalism • Prestige of the French monarchy increased • English descended into the War of the Roses for control of the English crown • Some consider 1453 as the end of the Middle Ages

6. The Rise of the Holy Roman Empire • Charles V ambitions • Hapsburg ruler wanted to keep the Ottomans out of Europe • Used resources of the HRE, and his kingdoms of Castille and Aragon in Spain to fight the Turks • Succeeded in stopping the Turks outside of Vienna in 1529 • Wanted to make the HRE the strongest in Europe • Failed because of other’s ambitions • King Francis I of France openly supported the Turks against him • Was upset that he was not elected Emperor of the HRE • Princes of the HRE who agreed with Martin Luther refused to allow Charles V to become all powerful

7. Islam on the Iberian • Islam reaches Spain • Iberian Peninsular conquered by Tariq ibn-Ziyad in 711 AD • Iberian peninsular was placed under Islamic rule for nearly 800 years • Reconquista • Nearly 800 year long period of warfare fought by Catholic kingdoms in Northern Spain to take back Spain from the Muslims • Ended in 1492 when the last Islamic armies were defeated in Southern Spain

8. Age of Exploration • “God, Glory, and Gold” – Bartolomeu Dias • By the 1400’s, Europeans were looking to expand empires to new lands • New trade routes – wanted to find ways around the routes created by the Crusaders • Spread Christianity – saw it as their duty as Christians to convert other people to the Christian religion • Portugal in the Lead • Had good ships and good sailors • Prince Henry, son of the king, was an explorer • Called “Henry the Explorer/Navigator” – founded a school for navigation • By his death in 1460, Portugal had trade posts along West Africa • Bartolomeu Dias and Vasco de Gama • Dias explored eastern Africa in 1488 • De Gama was the first European to sail around Africa to India in 1498

9. Age of Exploration • Columbus discovers New World in 1492 • Pope Alexander VI creates Treaty of Tordesillas • Divides the land between Spain and Portugal • Spanish Explorers – “New Spain” • Hernando Cortez – defeats Aztec in Mexico (1520) • Francisco Pizarro – defeats Inca in Peru (1533) • Ferdinand Magellan – his fleet was first to sail around the world (1522) • Portuguese Explorers • Amerigo Vespucci – explored Brazil’s coast (1501) - America named after him • Pedro Alvares Cabral – explored Brazil and brought sugar back to Europe

10. Age of Exploration • And the Race Begins • Portugal • Portugal establishes trade empire in the Indian Ocean as well • France • Begins fur trading colonies in Canada • Holland • Purchases Long Island from Natives – “New Netherland” • Set up Dutch East India Company in Indonesia and Sri Lanka • England • Sets up Jamestown in Virginia Colony • Set up English East India Company in India

11. Age of Exploration • Mercantilism – The Triangular Trade Begins • Goods from Europe -> Materials from New World -> Slaves from Africa • Mercantilism – the practice of using resources from colonies to enrich the mother country • People believed a nations power was in its wealth • Nations tried to become as wealthy as possible • Encomienda – Spanish plantation system that granted Spanish settlers Native Americans to “protect”… actually gave them a cheap source of labor to help enrich Spain • Balance of Trade – nations tried to sell more goods than they purchased • Joint Stock Companies – investors buy shares of a trading company, allowing less risk and more money to fund overseas voyages • Capitalism – private ownership of companies and investment in them for profit

12. Asian Isolation • China • Became isolationist under the rule of the Ming and Qing dynasties • Believed their country to be the cultural center of the universe • To trade with China, other nations had to follow special rules • Could only trade in special ports • Had to pay a tribute to the Chinese emperor • The Dutch were willing to do this and took back to Europe Chinese goods • The British refused tribute and wanted China to purchase British goods; China denied trade with them as they did not need British goods

13. Asian Isolation • Japan • In the 16th century, the Japanese were eager to accept European trade • Portugal becomes 1st Europeans to enter Japan after being shipwrecked • They came back later with merchants, ships, technology, and missionaries • Japanese were very interested in guns and gunpowder • Missionaries converted about 300,000 to Christianity by the year 1600 • Rejection of Missionaries and Christianity by Tokugawa Ieyasu • Christian rejection of Japanese culture upset the Japanese Shogun and he banned Christianity from Japan • After an uprising in 1637, Japanese shoguns began persecuting and killing Christians • Closed Country Policy • After the uprising, Japanese leaders believed they must protect Japanese culture from outside ideas • Began an isolationist policy in 1639, not allowing outsiders into Japan or Japanese to leave Japan to go to foreign countries • Only one port, Nagasaki, remained open to Dutch and Chinese merchants

14. Age of Absolutism • Absolute Monarch – king or queen with total power over their nation and society • Phillip II of Spain – hard working, devoutly Catholic king • Ruled during Spanish Age of Exploration • Saw Spain become richest country in Europe • Wealth came from the gold and trade items from the New World • Defended Catholicism against the Turks and Protestants • Helped defeat Turks at naval Battle of Lepanto (1571) • Sent failed Spanish Armada to attack Queen Elizabeth I in England

15. Age of Absolutism • Louis XIV (14th) of France – most powerful European king • Known as the “Sun King” because of his great power • Weakened power of the nobility by giving more power to government agents known as “intendants” • Nobility would eventually come to serve and flatter him at Versailles • Strengthened French economy through finance minister Jean Baptiste Colbert • Used mercantilism to make France wealthy • Warfare turned out to be Louis’ downfall • Made France weak by using up all of the wealth created by Colbert • France was defeated in many of Louis’ wars as well

16. Age of Absolutism • Peter the Great – Russian Czar who reformed Russia to be more European • Russia was still in the middle ages when he came to power in 1696 • Visited Europe and brought back many changes • Policy of “westernization” • Introduced potatoes • Began first newspaper • Raised status of women • Ordered nobles to shave beards and wear European clothes • Advanced education through schools of navigation, arts, and science • Brought Russian church under his control • Retrained the army in European tactics • Established capital city at St. Petersburg • City on the Baltic Sea allows access to Europe

17. Age of Absolutism • Stuart Dynasty • James I, Charles I, Charles II, James II • Believed strongly in divine right monarchy • Stuarts demanded more money for military • Parliament attempted to force Charles I to sign Petition of Right 1628 to limit his power • Charles I answered them by dissolving Parliament and beginning the English Civil War • Charles I Defeated • New Model Army led by Oliver Cromwell defeated Charles I and had him beheaded • New Government • Cromwell ruled England as Lord Protector until his death; his son was a terrible ruler • Parliament invited the Stuarts back to be king again • James II, the last Stuart king, was thought to be Catholic and was dethroned by the Glorious Revolution • Brought Protestants William and Mary of Orange in to be King and Queen of England