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Cle Elum Hatchery Staff

Evaluation of yearly and geographic variation in early male maturation in hatchery and wild spring Chinook salmon from the Yakima River, Washington. Don Larsen, Brian Beckman, Paul Parkins - NOAA Fisheries Deb Harstad, Kathy Cooper, Dina Spangenberg - University of Washington

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Cle Elum Hatchery Staff

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  1. Evaluation of yearly and geographic variation in early male maturation in hatchery and wild spring Chinook salmon from the Yakima River, Washington. Don Larsen, Brian Beckman, Paul Parkins - NOAA Fisheries Deb Harstad, Kathy Cooper, Dina Spangenberg - University of Washington Dave Fast, Charles Strom, Mark Johnston, - Yakama Nation Fisheries

  2. Acknowledgments • Cle Elum Hatchery Staff • USFWS Pathology Lab, Olympia, WA.- Ray Brunson, Joy Evered, Sonia Mumford, Chris Paterson- • WDFW-Todd Pearsons (now with Grant PUD) and staff, Steve Schroder, Craig Busack • Yakama Nation Fisheries-Bill Bosch • Oncorh Consulting-Curt Knudsen • Instats Consulting-Doug Neeley • Bonneville Power Administration, NOAA Biop Funding

  3. Spring Chinook Salmon Parr Spawning - Fall Fry Age-1 “Precocious parr” Age-2 “Minijacks” Ocean to river in spring Jack Smolting Age-3 M Sub-adults 1+ yr Spring Age-4 Age-5 Ocean

  4. Growth & Body energy stores Variation in Age of Male Maturity Factors Affecting Age of Maturation • Genetics • Environment • temperature • food availability • food quality Mature male salmon The Hatchery environment can significantly influence age of maturation

  5. We’ve been monitoring the physiology of Cle Elum Hatchery Spring Chinook since implementation in 1997

  6. On average 50% of male Cle Elum hatchery spring Chinook precociously matured at age-2 BYRelease #% of males# Minijacks 1997 386,048 44% 84,931 1998 589,683 72% 211,107 1999 758,789 50% 189,697 2000 834,285 37% 153,508 2001 370,236 52% 95,520 Avg. 50% Larsen, D.A., Beckman, B.R., Cooper, K.A., Barrett, D., Johnston, M., Swanson, P., and Dickhoff, W.W. (2004). Assessment of high rates of precocious male maturation in a spring Chinook salmon supplementation hatchery program. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 133, 98-120.

  7. Consequences of high levels of precocious maturation • Ecological impacts • Genetic impacts • Increased straying • Skewed gender ratio • Alters accuracy of SAR • Loss of adult production

  8. How do we assess precocious male maturation?

  9. OH O O Plasma 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) • Major androgen in teleost fish • Instrumental in the regulation of spermatogenesis

  10. 52% 48% Threshold (0.8 ng/ml) Every March the Cle Elum Chinook are screened for pathology just prior to volitional release Plasma collection Immature Maturing 50 45 40 35 30 Count 25 20 15 10 5 0 -1.75 -1.25 -.75 -.25 .25 .75 1.25 1.75 Log10 11-KT (ng/ml) N = 541

  11. Life-history monitoring protocol • Every March, just prior to release, we sample 60 fish per raceway • Measure length, weight, condition factor, gender • Measure 11-KT in plasma of all males to determine maturity status

  12. Previous Yakima Science and Management Conferences Annual Report …….This year Big Picture summarizing 6 years of data

  13. A Production Scale Growth Modulation Experiment (BY 2002-2004) Altered ration Same ration 20 High Low 10 Weight (g) 0 F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J 2004 2005 Month Pond 4/14/05

  14. Minijack rates have been variable

  15. Pre-release gender ratios are near 50:50

  16. Release size has varied modestly

  17. Minijack are the biggest fish

  18. 6 fold Minijack rates correlate significantly with release size (March) 2 cm Yakima hatchery Spring Chinook N=300-600 fish/pt.

  19. What happens to the minijacks after release? “The migrating minijack”

  20. The Yakima River Basin Chandler John Day Dam Columbia River

  21. Prosser (Chandler smolt by-pass) collections • Throughout the spring we collect approximately 300-600 wild (Yak.+Natches) and Cle Elum hatchery migrants • Measure length, weight, condition factor, gender, maturation status (males)

  22. There are more migrating minijacks in the hatchery population and rates are variable

  23. Gender ratios favor females among both wild and large hatchery fish

  24. Spring Chinook Salmon Parr Spawning - Fall Fry Age-1 “Precocious parr” Age-2 “Minijacks” Ocean to river in spring Jack Smolting Age-3 M Sub-adults 1+ yr Spring Age-4 Age-5 Ocean

  25. Migrating minijack rate correlates with length but not weight

  26. Condition factor is higher in migrating wild than hatchery fish

  27. The proportion of minijacks at release is strongly correlated with the proportion of migrating minijacks

  28. Conclusions • Minijack rates at release and Prosser vary annually and are highly correlated • Rates are strongly correlated with size at release • Rates are 10-20 fold lower in Wild fish • Female biased gender ratios are found in both wild and hatchery fish

  29. All Years Combined Bosch 2008

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