RENAISSANCE

1. RENAISSANCE Section 1: The Start of the Renaissance in Italy Section 2: Describes the Renaissance in France Section 3: Analyzes the Renaissance in Germany and Flanders Section 4: Explains the Renaissance in Spain Section 5: Summarizes the Renaissance in England

2. The Renaissance Renaissance means “rebirth.” It was a golden age in the arts, literature, and sciences. During the Middle Ages, philosophers and writers were concerned with life after death. Instead of the preoccupation with life after death, a new way of thinking, Humanism, focused on life in the present and emphasized the importance of people and individual achievements. Ancient knowledge was rediscovered and the classical writings of the ancient period of the Greeks and Romans were glorified. Scholars improved their knowledge of Greek and Latin.

3. New Outlook/Attitude • Enjoyment of Worldly Pleasures • Middle Ages – piety • Humanists- can enjoy life without insulting God • People were still devout Catholics but… concerns were secular (worldly and here/now)

4. Why Italy? • Urban Centers • Large city-states in northern Italy • Cities – breeding ground for intellectual revolution • Cities – Florence, Venice, Milan and others • Thriving centers of trade and manufacturing • Wealthy Merchant Class • Merchants – wealthiest, most powerful class & dominated politics • Had $ to pursue other interests – Arts/education • Medici Family – Florence • Cosimo de’ Medici – Influenced the ruling council (loans) • Lorenzo de’ Medici – behind the scene dictator

5. Section 1: The Renaissance in Italy: The Italian City States • A period of “rebirth” in fine arts, literature, and thinking that centered on the Italian cities of independent city states (Florence, Venice, and the Papal States). • The Papal States in central Italy included Rome and were ruled by the Pope. • These city-states became wealthy from trade.

6. Italian Background • Major city centers • Venice: Republic ruled by oligarchy, Byzantine origins • Milan: Visconti and Sforza families • Florence (Tuscany): Republic ruled by the Medici • Papal States: Ruled by the Pope • Kingdom of Naples: King of Aragon

7. Italian City States Guilds originally ruled the city states. Powerful families or wealthy individuals took control. Often fought over power and land. Loyalty was often gained through force. Rulers also wanted to be known as wise, generous rulers. Spent money on parades, ceremonies, churches, schools (mostly for the rich), palaces; and encouraged philosophers, scholars, and poets.

8. Renaissance Art • Some of the greatest paintings, sculptures, and architecture in the history of the world. • Greek and Romans styles were used for columns, arches, and domes. • Artists were supported by merchants, popes and princes. • Art was detailed, realistic, and reflected study of human anatomy

9. Art City states often competed for the best artists. Artists also studied ancient Greek and Roman art, science, and mathematics. Studied and reflected the details of nature and perspective, or a way of showing objects as they appear at a different distance. Painted and sculpted works that were true to life.

10. Perspective

11. Leonardo da Vinci One of the greatest and most famous Renaissance artist Painted the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper In his paintings, da Vinci tried to reveal people’s feelings as well as their outward appearances. Was also a scientist and inventor Designed the first parachute Made drawings of inventions that were far ahead of the times in which he lived such as flying machines and mechanical diggers.

12. Last Supper • Used new fresco method • Built into the room's end • During WWII a bomb hit the monastery where it was painted • Destroyed by erosion • Restored

13. Military

14. Aeronautics

15. Anatomy

16. Technology Turbine • Machines • Hydraulics • Vehicles on land • Architecture • Scientific method Architecture Bicycle

17. Legacy • Only 17 paintings • Notebooks • Drawings of unfinished works • Diverted rivers to prevent flooding • Principles of turbine • Cartography • Submarine • Flying machine • Parachute • …And much more….

18. Michelangelo Buonarroti

19. Michelangelo Buonarroti An Italian painter and sculptor Best known for his paintings on the ceiling and altar all in the Sistine Chapel in Rome His famous sculpture Pieta shows the dead Christ lying in the arms of Mary.

20. Commissioned by Medici • Lived in the Medici palace • Studied anatomy • Several pieces for the Medici tombs, etc.

21. David

22. Rome • Commissioned to do Pietá

23. Sistine Chapel

24. Moses • Received funding from Pope Leo X • The Moses

25. Legacy • World’s greatest sculptor • See the figure inside the stone and remove excess • Painter • Poet • Architect • Engineer

26. Raphael and Rubens

27. School of Athens by Raphael

28. “Sacrifice of Isaac” Panels Brunelleschi Ghiberti

29. Filippo Brunelleschi • Il Duomo Cathedral’s dome (Florence)

30. Saint George Donatello Mary Magdalene

31. Masaccio • Perspective • Tribute Money • Size of people diminishes with distance • Use of light, shadow and drama

32. City Life: Italian Society/City Life Center of city life was the piazza, or central square; markets set up and merchants sold goods. Most city dwellers were poor; lived in run-down houses; open sewers, narrow roads. Rich lived in large houses with statues and courtyards; dressed well, well educated. Merchants lived in top part of their business. Women stayed at home, ran household, raised children; marriages arranged like business deals to increase wealth and power. Families were close-knit; often lived in same neighborhood.

33. Florence Italian Renaissance began here Lorenzo de Medici ruled Florence and focused on its art and culture Food shortages and low trade contributed to the people becoming angry with him Another ruler, Savonarola, came to power, but he was too strict for the people He was hanged by the people and the Medici's returned to power.

34. Florence • Medici's—family of physicians • Money in banking • Financed wool trade • Became de facto rulers of Florence

35. Influence of Medici Family • Cosimo de Medici • Advanced arts and education • Piero de Medici • Forced to make military and commercial concessions to King of France • Continued father’s artistic support • Lorenzo de Medici • Poet • Friend of Michelangelo • Rebuilt University of Pisa • Continued to invite scholars to Florence • Medici’s forced out of the city

36. Florence • Savonarola • Friar who decried money, power • Accused Medicis of not ruling justly • Thought Renaissance ideas were ruining Florence • Urged government to rid city of parties, gambling, swearing, and horse-racing. • Supporters burned painting, fancy clothes, musical instruments, playing cards, and classical books. • Gained power in lower class, but lost pope’s support • Excommunicated and hung for heresy

37. Papal States Church was still powerful, but popes were losing power in 1300-1400s. Some popes were not religious; more concerned with being political leaders than church leaders. Church was seen as corrupt; collected taxes, coined money, raised armies, fought wars, built expensive churches. Pope Alexander VI (Rodrigo Borgia) bribed cardinals to vote for him; wanted his family to rule over central Italy. Daughter Lucretia married a noble and was known to poison her enemies. Son Cesare built an army that took control of many central Italian towns, which were lost after his father’s death. By 1503, Rome replaced Florence as the center of the Renaissance

38. Venice Renaissance did not reach here until late 1500s. Looked to Constantinople for art and literature rather than western Europe. City built on tiny islands; most streets are actually canals. Ruled by a small group of merchant aristocrats who ruled the Senate and the Council of Ten. Council of Ten: Passed laws and elected the doge, a ruler with little power who had to obey the council. Citizens were known to report neighbors for suspicious behavior or treason, often resulting in secret trials by the Council of Ten.

40. Built over a series of islands. • Venetian Canals: areused as streets in most areas. • Venice floods daily due to incoming tides.

41. Section 2: France The French Kings loved the art and culture from Italy when they invaded in 1494. King Francis I hired Italian architects to design chateaux, which were French castles along the Loire river. French authors modeled their books from the Italian authors. Most popular books and stories were written by a physician-monk named Rabelais.

44. Section 3: Germany and Flanders Greek and Hebrew were learned by Religious scholars to better interpret the Bible. Scholars felt that over the years, Church leaders interpreted the Bible to suit their own needs. Wanted to reform the church to make the teachings easier to understand (ideas lead to the Reformation). Hubert and Jan Van Eyck, brothers from Flanders, discovered how to paint in oils, allowing colors to become more deep and rich.

45. Impact of Printing Press • Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press in 1440 – people no longer needed to write books out by hand, but now by machine • By 1300 papermaking and print technology had reached Europe from China. • The invention of moveable type led Gutenberg to print the Bible in 1456. • Books became more available • Literacy increased • Ideas spread rapidly • Encouraged invention of reading glasses

46. Section 4: Spain • The Spanish Inquisition began around 1555. This was a time when anyone who taught beliefs against the Catholic Church were arrested and some were burned at the stake. • Some Groups that were targeted • Pagans • Jews • Muslims • Renaissance Paintings – famous Greek painter living in Spain was El Greco. • Cervantes Saavedra, wrote Don Quixote.

47. Section 5: England • Renaissance reached England in the late 1480s. • The War of the Roses (1455-1485) between two noble families – House of York (white rose) and House of Lancaster (red rose) was fought to gain the throne of England. • The House of Tudors took control of England. • The first Tudor King was Henry the VII • King Henry VIII took control in 1509 • His daughter Queen Elizabeth I became Queen in 1558 at 25. • During her reign, music, theater, and poetry became very popular. • William Shakespeare was one the best known playwrights of the Renaissance in England.

48. Literary Achievements • Dante Wrote the Divine Comedy • Cervantes wrote Don Quixote • Shakespeare wrote many plays such as Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, Hamlet, Julius Caesar, and A Midsummer Night’s Dream. • Machiavelli wrote The Prince

49. Clocks • The oldest surviving mechanical clock were made in the 1300’s. • Italian scientist Galileo discovered the pendulum. • This made for better time keeping.

50. Water clocks and hourglasses • Water clocks and hourglasses were widely using in the 1500’s.