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The Establishment of Korea Photovoltaic Scale (K-PVS)

The Establishment of Korea Photovoltaic Scale (K-PVS). Ghufron Zaid. Background. Research on energy alternatives Finite & Depleting fossil fuel energy resources Special needs of energy Remote areas: inexistence of Power Grid Mobile/field activities: military services

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The Establishment of Korea Photovoltaic Scale (K-PVS)

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  1. The Establishment of Korea Photovoltaic Scale(K-PVS) Ghufron Zaid

  2. Background • Research on energy alternatives • Finite & Depleting fossil fuel energy resources • Special needs of energy • Remote areas: inexistence of Power Grid • Mobile/field activities: military services • Photovoltaic technology • Expensive cost: Silicon processing • Decreasing cost • 2001, PV cell in the US: 860 million kWh • 0.025% of 3.8 trillion kWh total power generation

  3. PV Technology in Korea • The 2nd Basic Plan for New & Renewable Energy Technology Development & Dissemination (MOCIE) • PV Cell, Fuel Cell, Wind Power • 3 % share of New and Renewable Energy (2006) • 5 % (2012) • Budget: 196,4 billion KRW (2004), 324,4 billion (2005)

  4. PV Technology in Korea • PV is relatively mature for near-term deployment • a promising and economically viable technology in the near future for Korean environmental and geographical conditions

  5. PV Technology in Korea • National Programme (by 2012) • 100 000 residential roof-tops: • 6,3 billion KRW (2004), 16 billion KRW (2005), • 49 billion KRW (2006) • 70 000 commercial and industrial buildings • 1,3 GW electrical power

  6. PV Technology in Korea • R&D • Participants: 24 companies, 7 national institutes and 17 universities • Short-term: crystalline silicon • increase PV module efficiency • 12% to 15% (2006), 18% (2010) • Cost target/module • 3,3 USD/W (2006), 1,9 USD/W (2010) • Commercialization: 2012 • 10 % of the world market • Exports: 3 billion USD employing 50.000 people

  7. PV Technology in Korea • Industries: 8 companies • Neskor Solar Co • Photon Semiconductor & Energy Co. • Symphony Solar Co., Hyundai Heavy Industries • Kyung Dong Solar • Unison, S-energy Co, LS Industries, Solartech • PROBLEM: cell supply shortage from foreign companies • 2004 production: 2,7 MW of PV modules

  8. PV Technology in Indonesia • 13.000 islands • 18 million houses in rural areas: 46% electrified through the national grid system • 10 million houses rely on kerosene, dry cell batteries and other sources of energy

  9. PV Technology in Indonesia ROADMAP OF SOLAR ENERGY

  10. PV Technology in Indonesia • POWER GENERATION

  11. PV Technology in Indonesia • 1992: 4 Solar Home System (SHS) Electrification Programs: 10,000 units of SHS • “50 Mega Watt Peak Photovoltaic Rural Electrification Program” • 1 million units of SHS • AUSAID: 36.400 units of SHS • World Bank: 44.3 million: 200,000 units of SHS • BIG-SOL Project: 35,000 units of SHS and 300 units of Solar Village Center

  12. PV Technology in Indonesia • Major players:Solarex Corporation, Morningstar Corporation, and Atlantic Solar Products, Inc. • Korean PV cell products may offer competitive alternatives

  13. The Role of NMI • To provide nationally dependable traceability for all measurement quantities (measurands) • Ensuring reliable output/outcome from R&D activities • Enhancing industrial product competitiveness by improving qualities; starting from raw material selection processes, production processes to (end-product) quality assurance processes • Providing customer protection & satisfaction  To provide Facilities for Traceable Measurement and Calibration of PV cells/modules

  14. World Photovoltaic Scale(W-PVS) • Established in 1997 • Inter-Laboratory Comparison (ILC) • 11 Laboratories: • Primary method: 4 labs. PTB, NREL (US), JQA/ETL (Japan), TIPS (China) • Secondary method: 7 labs. • 20 artefacts

  15. Laser ACR Spectroradiometer Std Detector DSR Facility Primary Ref. Solar Cell Nat. Lab Cal. Labs Sun/ Simulator 2nd Ref. Solar Cell Flasher Ref. PV Module Traceability of PV Cell ACR: Absolute cryogenic radiometer DSR: Differential spectral responsivity IEC 904-3: (PTB) Metrologia, 2000, 37

  16. Difficulties for Accurate Calibration • High level of irradiance (1 solar contant) • large-area cells (100 cm2 ~ 1 m2) • Wavelength & temperature dependent non-linearity of PV cell output • Inhomogeneity of radiation fields

  17. Calibration Requirement for PV Cell • Determination of PV cell efficiency at Standard Test Conditions (STC) h :PV cell efficiency Pm :maximum electrical power of PV cell A :active area of PV cell Eo :Natural solar irradiance at STC, 1000 Wm-2

  18. Calibration Requirement for PV Cell Standard Test Conditions (STC) • Air Mass of 1.5 • PV Cell temperature of 25 oC • Reference Solar Irradiance (Eo) of 1000 Wm-2

  19. Current measurement Voltage measurement DUT Variable load Calibration Requirement for PV Cell • Determination of maximum power, Pm,STC • Measurement of I-V characteristics • Conversion of measured values, V & I to STC values, Vo & Io

  20. Calibration Requirement for PV Cell Vo : voltage at STC V : voltage of DUT Rs : series resistance of DUT Io : current at STC I : current of DUT Eo : solar irradiance at STC, 1000 W.m-2 C : calibration constant of ref. detector M : spectral mismatch between DUT and ref. detector Ir :current of ref. cell ar : temperature coeff. of ref. detector To : STC temperature Tr : temperature of ref. detector

  21. Calibration Requirement for PV Cell • Different spectral power distributions between standard solar irradiance (STC) and test solar irradiance (simulator/natural sun) • Different spectral responsivities between DUT and ref. detector

  22. Calibration Requirement for PV Cell

  23. Schematic Diagram of DSR lock-in Amp DVM E(l) chopper Amp Mono Chro Ma tor Monitoring detector lock-in Amp DVM isc E(l) DUT b-splitter lamp Amp shutter DVM Isc(Eb) filter lamp Computer, s(l, Eb)

  24. Difficulties for Accurate Calibration Dashed/dotted lines: effect of low irradiance to non-linear cell

  25. differential spectral responsivity • Irradiance/Power level reaching ref. detector: • Power level reaching DUT: • DUT Spectral response:

  26. differential spectral responsivity • Conversion into absolute responsivity ,

  27. Efficiency of PV cell Where hSTC:Efficiency at Standard Test Conditions (STC) Voc(io) : open circuit voltage FF : fill factor Ro: PV cell responsivity = s/c current density per unit of standard solar irradiance, Eo Ro= io / Eo A : PV cell active area

  28. Efficiency of PV cell • Direct measurement of differential spectral responsivity, R[l,isc(Eb)], at various operating point isc(Eb)=ib set by the steady-state bias irradiance Eb.

  29. Efficiency of PV cell , arithmatical mean (linear cells) , (non-linear cells)

  30. Level of Expected Uncertainty • With Spectral mismatch correction (DSR) • : U < 5% • PTB: U < 0.5% • No spectral mismatch correction • U: > 5% 10%-20% • Alternative no bias method (ANU): • Best: U = 5% c.f. U = 3% with DSR

  31. The steps ahead • Stage I • Setting up calibration facility for PV cell • Organizing inter-laboratory comparison (ILC) for interested institutions in Korea • Stage II • Improvement of calibration facility • ILC with foreign NMIs • Stage III • Development of alternative calibration methods and apparatus for calibration laboratories and industries

  32. DSR Facility Stage I • Modification to the existing facility • Light chopper • Bias light source: • Class C simulator - ASTM E 927 • Quartz-halogen tungsten lamp + short-wave pass filter (PTB) • Modulated current measurement instruments • Current-to-voltage converter • Lock-in amplifier • Temperature controlled test fixture/holder • modification on data acquisition software

  33. Inter-Laboratory Comparison • Characterization of artefacts • Preparation of ILC Protocol • Identification of potential participants

  34. References • Evident Technologies, in http://www.evidenttech.com/applications/quantum-dot-solar-cells.php • Jinsoo Song, Republic of Korea Photovoltaic technology status and prospects, in IEA Annual Report 2005, KIER • A.S. Dasuki et al., The strategy of photovoltaic technology development in Indonesia, Renewable Energy 22 (2001) 321- 326 • Ghufron Zaid, Husein A. Akil, Proceeding of 3rd ISMPAEM, Jakarta, 2006 • ASTM E 948 -01: Standard Test Method for Electrical Performance of PV Cells Using Reference Cells under Simulated Sunlight • ASTM E 973-02: Standard Test Method for Determination of Spectral Mismatch Parameter between a PV Device and a PV Reference Cell • ASTM 1021-06: Standard Test Method for Spectral Responsivity Measurement of PV Devices • IEC-904-3 Measurement Principles for Terrestrial PV Solar Devices with Reference Spectral Irradiance Data • Solar Light in http://solarlight.com/air_mass.html • J. Metzdorf et al. Metrologia, 2000, 37, 573-578 • J. Metzdorf et al. Metrologia, 1991, 28, 247-250 • J. Metzdorf, Applied Optics, 1987, 26, no.9, 1701-1708 • ASTM E 927-91: Standard Specification for Solar Simulation for Terrestrial Photovoltaic Testing

  35. KIM-LIPI 고맙습니다

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