Speaking to Persuade

1. Speaking to Persuade Chapter 15 The Art of Public Speaking, 8th Ed. By Stephen Lucas

2. Persuasive Speech A speech designed to change or reinforce the audience�s beliefs or actions.

3. Informative and Persuasive Speech Differences:

4. Persuasion is a psychological process. Occurs where disagreement exists Complex & challenging type of speech Mental give-and-take with listeners They assess speaker�s credibility, delivery, supporting materials, etc. They argue in minds with speaker

5. Mental Dialogue with Audience

6. Continuum of Audience Attitudes

7. Target Audience �Part of audience a speaker most wants to reach with his message� Uncommitted Those inclined to agree Those inclined to disagree, but open to persuasion BUT don�t exclude other listeners

8. Persuasive speeches deal with three different questions: Questions of fact Questions of value Questions of policy

9. Question of Fact A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion.

10. Questions of Fact. Want audience to accept speaker�s view on facts of issue Some can be answered w/certainty�some can�t Different from an informative speech Try to get audience to accept your view Usually organized topically Each main point is a reason why audience should agree with you

11. Persuasive Speech--Question of Fact

12. Begin here P.S. 10-20

13. Question of Value A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action.

14. Questions of Value. Judgments about: right or wrong, good or bad, moral or immoral, ethical, unethical. Justify position according to clear standards Usually organized topically 1st main point establishes standards 2nd main point applies standards to topic

15. Persuasive Speech--Question of Value

16. Question of Policy A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken.

17. Questions of Policy Deal with specific course of action Most common in persuasive speeches Two types Passive agreement that policy is desirable, necessary, practical Motivate audience to take action

18. Types of Speeches on Questions of Policy Speech to gain passive agreement Speech to gain immediate action

19. Speeches to Gain Passive Agreement Convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging them to take action in support of the policy.

20. Specific Purposes to Gain Passive Agreement To persuade my audience that there should be tougher enforcement of laws to protect the victims of domestic abuse. To persuade my audience that college scholarship athletes should receive a $200 monthly stipend for personal expenses.

21. Speeches to Gain Immediate Action Convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy.

22. Specific Purpose Statements to Gain Immediate Action To persuade my audience to volunteer as literacy tutors. To persuade my audience to vote in the next presidential election.

23. Questions of Policy, cont. Must address three basic issues: Need Prove need for change Prove NO need for change Plan Offer specific plan/policy to solve need Practicality Show plan is workable, no new problems Or show impractical & will create problems

24. Persuasive Speech--Question of Policy

25. Questions of Policy, cont. Four effective patterns of organization Problem-solution Problem-cause-solution Comparative advantages Monroe�s motivated sequence

26. Problem-Solution Advocate a change in policy 1st main point shows need for new policy 2nd main point shows plan & practicality Oppose a change in policy 1st main point shows NO need for change 2nd main point shows new policy won�t solve need and/or would create new problems

27. Problem-Solution Order

28. Problem-Cause-Solution 1st main point shows existence of problem 2nd main point analyzes causes of problem 3rd main point presents solution to problem (This helps analyzes whether solution will get at causes or just control symptoms.)

29. Problem-Cause-Solution Order

30. Comparative Advantages Most effective when audience already agrees to need for new policy. Each main point explains why this plan is preferable to other solution.

31. Comparative Advantages Order Unstaffed scientific missions are far less costly than staffed space flights. Unstaffed scientific missions provide many more practical benefits than staffed space flights.

32. Monroe�s Motivated Sequence 1. Attention: Gain attention of audience. 2. Need: Make audience feel need for change. 3. Satisfaction: Satisfy need by providing solution to problem. 4. Visualization: Intensify desire for solution by visualizing it�s benefits. 5. Action: Urge audience to take action in support of solution.

33. Monroe�s Motivated Sequence Have you ever felt unsafe walking home from the library on a dark evening? College students face many crime issues. Enrolling in a self-defense course is one way we can help. After taking a self-defense class, you will be much better able to deal with an emergency situtation. I encourage you to enroll in a self-defense class. (See p. 389 for complete outline.)

34. Video 15-1: Demonstrating Practicality in Persuasive Speeches 15-2: Using Problem-Cause-Solution Order 15-3: Using Monroe�s Motivated Sequence

35. Fact, Value, or Policy? Using lie detector tests as screening devices for jobs in private business is a violation of the employee�s right to privacy. The use of lie detector tests for screening employees in private business should be banned by law.

36. Fact, Value, or Policy? A federal law should be passed requiring that trunk release systems be standard on all new cars sold in the United States. If trunk release systems were standard equipment on all cars sold in the United States, we could save a number of children�s lives each year.

37. The End