1 / 50

Introductory Clinical Skills Course Cardiovascular System

Introductory Clinical Skills Course Cardiovascular System. Dr. Gerard Flaherty Lecturer in Medicine NUI, Galway. “For me, the only things of interest are those linked to the heart” (Audrey Hepburn). Presenting Complaint. Chest pain Shortness of breath Ankle swelling Palpitations Syncope

Mercy
Download Presentation

Introductory Clinical Skills Course Cardiovascular System

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Introductory Clinical Skills CourseCardiovascular System Dr. Gerard Flaherty Lecturer in Medicine NUI, Galway

  2. “For me, the only things of interest are those linked to the heart”(Audrey Hepburn)

  3. Presenting Complaint • Chest pain • Shortness of breath • Ankle swelling • Palpitations • Syncope • Intermittent claudication

  4. Character of pain Severity Duration Radiation At rest or on exertion Previous episodes Relieving factors Worse on taking a deep breath (pleuritic) Worse on movement Autonomic symptoms Sweating Nausea Chest Pain

  5. Cardiovascular Angina Stable Unstable Myocardial infarction Aortic dissection Myocarditis Pleuropericardial Pericarditis Pleurisy Pneumothorax Gastrointestinal Gastro-oesophageal reflux Oesophageal spasm Chest wall Coughing Intercostal muscle strain/myositis Herpes zoster Viral pleurodynia Thoracic radiculopathy Rib fracture Rib tumour Costochondritis Causes of Chest Pain

  6. Acute Anteroseptal MI

  7. Dyspnoea • Unexpected awareness of breathing • At rest or on exertion • Quantify exercise tolerance (yards walked, stairs climbed) • Orthopnoea = shortness of breath on lying supine • Number of pillows • Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea

  8. Airways disease COPD Chronic bronchitis Emphysema Asthma Bronchiectasis Cystic fibrosis Parenchymal disease Pneumonia Pulmonary fibrosis Tumour Pneumothorax Pulmonary vasculature Pulmonary embolism Pulmonary hypertension Chest wall Pleural effusion Rib fracture Kyphoscoliosis Neuromuscular Cardiac Left ventricular failure Mitral valve disease Cardiomyopathy Pericardial effusion Other Anaemia Acidosis Psychogenic Causes of Dyspnoea

  9. Pulmonary Oedema Normal Chest Radiograph Pulmonary Oedema

  10. Unilateral or bilateral Proximal extent of oedema Pitting/non-pitting Cardiac Congestive cardiac failure Right ventricular failure Cor pulmonale Constrictive pericarditis Drugs Calcium channel blockers Other Cirrhosis Nephrotic syndrome Protein-losing enteropathy Deep vein thrombosis Hypothyroidism Lymphoedema Ankle Swelling

  11. = Unexpected awareness of heartbeat Ask patient to tap palpitations on chest Slow or fast Regular or irregular Duration Speed of onset or offset Relieving manoeuvres Sinus tachycardia Ventricular extrasystoles Atrial fibrillation Atrial flutter Supraventricular tachycardia Ventricular tachycardia Palpitations

  12. Syncope • = Transient loss of consciousness due to cerebral hypoperfusion • What was the patient doing at the time? • Standing for prolonged period • Standing up suddenly (postural hypotension) • Coughing • Prodromal symptoms • Abnormal movements (epilepsy) • Sensation of room spinning (vertigo)

  13. Intermittent Claudication • Pain in one or both calves, thighs or buttocks • Brought on by walking a certain distance (claudication distance) • Worse on walking uphill • Relieved by rest • Suggests peripheral vascular disease

  14. Risk factors for Ischaemic Heart Disease • Hyperlipidaemia • Diabetes mellitus • Smoking • Hypertension • Obesity • Family history

  15. Past Medical History • Rheumatic fever • Previous cardiac investigations • Previous myocardial infarction • Coronary angioplasty + stent insertion • Coronary artery bypass grafting • Pacemaker insertion

  16. Medications • Anti-anginal agents • Use of sublingual nitrate spray • Antihypertensive agents • Anti-arrhythmics • Statins • Platelet inhibitors, e.g., Aspirin • Anticoagulants, e.g., Warfarin • Allergies • NB Document in front of chart and inform nurses

  17. Social History • Occupation • e.g., train driver, long distance truck driver • Smoking • Number of pack years • Alcohol intake • Stairs at home

  18. Family History • Ischaemic heart disease • Angina • MI • CABG • Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy • Dilated cardiomyopathy

  19. HOCM

  20. General Hands Pulse Blood pressure Face Neck Jugular venous pressure Precordium Inspection Palpation Percussion Auscultation Back Abdomen Lower limbs Other Physical Examination

  21. Examination - General • Position patient at 45 degrees • Respiratory rate • Cachexia • Marfan’s syndrome • Down’s syndrome

  22. Did Abraham Lincoln have Marfan’s Syndrome? High arched palate

  23. Examination - Hands • Clubbing • Splinter haemorrhages (infective endocarditis) • Osler’s nodes (tender) • Janeway lesions (non-tender) • Xanthomata (Hyperlipidaemia)

  24. Splinter Haemorrhages Clubbing

  25. Radial artery Rate (normal = 60-100) Bradycardia (<60) Tachycardia (>100) Rhythm Regular Irregular Radiofemoral delay (coarctation of the aorta) Character and volume assessed from carotid artery Collapsing pulse (aortic regurgitation) Pulsus alternans (left ventricular failure) Pulse deficit (atrial fibrillation) Examination - Pulse

  26. Sphygmomanometer Systolic/diastolic pressure Normal <140/90 mmHg (lower in diabetes) Korotkoff sounds Use larger cuff width for large arms Deflate at 4 mmHg/s Difference between arms of <10 mmHg Pulsus paradoxus = exaggerated reduction in BP with inspiration (>10 mmHg) Postural hypotension Examination - Blood Pressure

  27. Jaundice Xanthelasmata Corneal arcus Malar flush (mitral stenosis) High arched palate (Marfan’s syndrome) Dental caries (infective endocarditis) Central cyanosis Carotid pulse character Slow rising (AS) Bisferiens (AS + AR) Collapsing (AR) Alternans (LVF) Jerky (HOCM) Carotid bruit Examination – Face and Neck

  28. Eye signs in Hyperlipidaemia CORNEAL ARCUS XANTHELASMATA

  29. Patient at 45 degrees Good lighting Internal jugular vein Reflects right atrial pressure Zero point = sternal angle Visible but not palpable Complex wave form (a, c, v waves) Decreases on inspiration Fills from above Hepatojugular reflux Abnormal if >3 cm above zero point: RV failure RV infarct Tricuspid stenosis Tricuspid regurgitation Pericardial effusion SVC obstruction Fluid overload Jugular Venous Pressure

  30. Precordium - Inspection • Scars • Median sternotomy • CABG • Valve replacement • Lateral thoracotomy • Infraclavicular (pacemaker) • Pectus excavatum • Pacemaker box • Apex beat Sternotomy scar Pectus excavatum

  31. Precordium - Palpation • Apex beat • Location • Character • Heaving • Thrusting • Double • Tapping • Paradoxical • Left parasternal heave • Thrills (palpable murmurs) • Systolic • Diastolic • Palpable P2 (pulmonary hypertension) • Pacemaker box

  32. Precordium – AuscultationHeart Sounds • Bell – low pitched sounds • Diaphragm – high pitched sounds • Mitral  Tricuspid  Pulmonary  Aortic areas • S1 (first heart sound) • S2 – Splitting (A2, P2)

  33. Loud S1 Soft S1 Loud A2 Loud P2 Soft A2 Splitting of S1 Increased splitting of S2 Fixed splitting of S2 Reversed splitting of S2 S3 (third heart sound) S4 (fourth heart sound) Summation gallop Opening snap Systolic ejection click Mid-systolic click Tumour plop Pericardial knock Metallic click Abnormalities of Heart Sounds

  34. Timing of murmur Systolic Diastolic Continuous Site of maximal intensity Loudness Grades I-VI Thrill Pitch Radiation Dynamic manoeuvres Respiration Left-sided  on exp. Right-sided  on insp. Valsalva Squatting Precordium – AuscultationMurmurs

  35. Systolic Pansystolic Mitral regurgitation Tricuspid regurgitation Ventricular septal defect Ejection systolic Aortic stenosis Pulmonary stenosis HOCM Atrial septal defect Late systolic Mitral valve prolapse Diastolic Early diastolic Aortic regurgitation Pulmonary regurgitation Mid-diastolic Mitral stenosis Tricuspid stenosis Atrial myxoma Continuous Patent ductus arteriosus Arteriovenous fistula Pericardial friction rub Heart Murmurs

  36. Examination – Back • Percuss and auscultate lung bases • Left ventricular failure • Pleural effusion • Sacral pitting oedema • Right heart failure

  37. Examination - Abdomen • Patient lying with one pillow (if tolerated) • Tender hepatomegaly • Pulsatile liver (tricuspid regurgitation) • Ascites • Splenomegaly • Abdominal aortic aneurysm

  38. Peripheral oedema Pitting/non-pitting Upper level Achilles tendon xanthomata Capillary return Trophic skin changes Palpate arteries Femoral Popliteal Posterior tibial Dorsalis pedis Buerger’s test (peripheral vascular disease) Examination – Lower Limbs

  39. Peripheral Pulses Dorsalis pedis pulse Posterior tibial pulse

  40. Examination - Other • Urinalysis • Haematuria (infective endocarditis) • Fundi • Hypertensive retinopathy • Roth spots (infective endocarditis) • Temperature chart • Infective endocarditis

  41. THE END

More Related