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cardiovascular system

Chapter 11. cardiovascular system. The Cardiovascular System. A closed system of the heart and blood vessels The heart pumps blood Blood vessels allow blood to circulate to all parts of the body Functions of the cardiovascular system Transportation (O 2 , nutrients, hormones, etc)

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cardiovascular system

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  1. Chapter 11 cardiovascularsystem

  2. The Cardiovascular System • A closed system of the heart and blood vessels • The heart pumps blood • Blood vessels allow blood to circulate to all parts of the body • Functions of the cardiovascular system • Transportation (O2, nutrients, hormones, etc) • Temperature regulation • Protection: immunity and hemostasis

  3. The Heart • Location • Thorax between the lungs in the inferior mediastinum • Orientation • Pointed apex directed toward left hip • Base points toward right shoulder • About the size of your fist

  4. The Heart

  5. The Heart: Coverings • Pericardium—a double-walled sac • Fibrous pericardium is loose and superficial • Serous membrane is deep to the fibrous pericardium and composed of two layers • Visceral pericardium • Next to heart; also known as the epicardium • Parietal pericardium • Outside layer that lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium • Serous fluid fills the space between the layers of pericardium

  6. The Heart: Heart Wall Figure 11.2

  7. The Heart: Heart Wall • Three layers • Epicardium • Visceral pericardium • Outside layer • Myocardium • Middle layer • Mostly cardiac muscle • Endocardium • Endothelium • Inner layer

  8. The Heart: Heart Wall

  9. The Heart: Heart Wall

  10. The Heart: Chambers • Right and left side act as separate pumps • Four chambers • Atria – right & left • Upper chambers • Receiving chambers • Ventricles – right & left • Lower chambers • Pumps

  11. The Heart

  12. The Heart: Chambers

  13. Differences in Right and Left Ventricles Figure 11.5

  14. The Heart: Septa • Interventricular septum • Muscle wall that separates the two ventricles • Interatrial septum • Muscle wall that separates the two atria

  15. The Heart: Valves • Allow blood to flow in only one direction • Prevents backflow • Atrioventricular (AV) valves • Tricuspid valve: between RA and RV • Bicuspid (mitral) valve: between LA and LV

  16. The Heart: Valves

  17. The Heart: Valves • Semilunar valves • Pulmonary semilunar valve • Between RV and pulmonary trunk • Aortic semilunar valve • Between LV and aorta

  18. Systemic and Pulmonary Circulations • Systemic circulation • Blood flows from the LV through the body tissues and back to the RA • Pulmonary circulation • Blood flows from the RV to the lungs and back to the LA

  19. The Heart: Associated Great Vessels • Arteries • Aorta - leaves LV • Pulmonary trunk – leaves RV

  20. The Heart: Associated Great Vessels • Veins • Superior and inferior venae cavae enter RA • Pulmonary veins (four) enter LA

  21. Blood Flow Through the Heart • IVC & SVC • Right atrium • Tricuspid valve • Right ventricle • Pulmonary valve • Pulmonary trunk • Pulmonary arteries • Pulmonary capillaries

  22. Blood Flow Through the Heart • Pulmonary veins • Left atrium • Bicuspid valve • Left ventricle • Aortic valve • Aorta

  23. Coronary Circulation • Blood in the heart chambers does not nourish the myocardium • The heart has its own nourishing blood supply • Coronary arteries - branch from ascending aorta • Supply heart muscle with O2 rich blood • Cardiac veins - drain the myocardium of blood • Coronary sinus • Large vein on the posterior of the heart, receives blood from cardiac veins • Blood empties into the RA

  24. Coronary Circulation: Arteries

  25. Coronary Circulation: Veins

  26. The Heart

  27. The heart wall is composed of 3 layers. Which layer actually contracts? • Pericardium • Endocardium • Epicardium • Myocardium

  28. Which layer of the heart consumes the most energy? • Endocardium • Epicardium • Myocardium

  29. What is the purpose of the coronary circulation? • It delivers oxygenated blood to the myocardium. • It delivers blood to the anterior surface of the lung for oxygenation • It delivers oxygenated blood to the ascending aorta. • It delivers blood to the liver.

  30. Blood Vessels: The Vascular System • Transport blood to the tissues and back • Carry blood away from the heart • Arteries • Arterioles • Exchanges between tissues and blood • Capillary beds • Return blood toward the heart • Venules • Veins

  31. Blood Vessels: The Vascular System

  32. Blood Vessels: Microscopic Anatomy • Three layers (tunics) • Tunic intima • Endothelium • Tunic media • Smooth muscle • Controlled by sympathetic nervous system • Tunic externa • Mostly fibrous connective tissue

  33. Blood Vessels: The Vascular System

  34. Differences Between Blood Vessels • Walls of arteries are the thickest • Lumens of veins are larger • Larger veins have valves to prevent backflow

  35. Capillaries • Smallest vessels • Simple squamous epithelium • 1 cell layer thick • Permits diffusion, osmosis, and filtration • Exchange vessels • Site of O2, CO2, water, nutrients, and waste exchange • Arranged in beds • Density reflects metabolic rate

  36. Major Arteries of System Circulation • Aorta • Largest artery in the body • Leaves from the left ventricle of the heart • Regions • Ascending aorta—leaves the left ventricle • Aortic arch—arches to the left • Thoracic aorta—travels downward through the thorax • Abdominal aorta—passes through the diaphragm into the abdominopelvic cavity

  37. Principal Regions of the Aorta

  38. Principal Regions of the Aorta

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