History of the Turkic speaking peoples in Europe before the Ottomans

1. History of the Turkic speaking peoples in Europe before the Ottomans Eastern Europe from the 4th to the10th century.

2. Geographical setting • Three ecological zones: • Forest • Steppe • Sedentary zone (China, Transoxania, Persia, East Roman Empire, later Byzantium)

5. The periodisation of the medieval history of the nomads in Eastern Europe • Hun empire (370-453) • age of migrations : • Saragurs, Ogurs and Onogurs before 463 • Sabirs circa 506 • Avars in the 550s • Avar empire in the Carpathian basin (568-803) • Khazar empire (628-965) • Pechenegs (895-1036) • Oguz in the 1050s • Cumans/Kipchaks 11-13th century • Golden Horde 13-15th century

6. Muslim and Western Sources concerning the Medieval Nomadic Peoples of Eastern Europe

7. Introduction • Nomads of Eastern Europe: Huns, Avars, Khazars • Sources: Latin, Greek, Muslim

8. Western Sources • Latin Sources on North-Eastern Eurasia by Penti Aalto and Tuomo Pekkanen. Part I. Wiesbaden 1975, Part II. Wiesbaden 1980 • Gyula Moravcsik, Byzantinoturcica I. Die Byzantinischen Quellen der Geschichte der Türkvölker. II. Sprachreste der Türkvölker in den Byzantinischen Quellen. Berlin 1983 • Glossar zur frühmittelalterlichen Geschichte im östlichen Europa.Begründet von J. Ferluga, M. Hellmann, H. Ludat. Hrsg. von F. Kämpfer, R. Stichel, K. Zernack. Serie A Lateinische Namen bis 900 (Redaktion R. Ernst, D. Wojtecki) I, II, III. Serie B Griechische Namen bis 1025 (Redaktion A. A. Fourlas, A. A. Katsanakis) I, II. Beiheft Nr. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Wiesbaden, 1973-1990.

9. Greek and Latin Sources on the Nomads • Szádeczky-Kardoss Samu. Az avar történelem forrásai 557-től 806-ig. Die Quellen der Awaren-geschichte von 557 bis 806. Budapest 1998. • Farkas Csaba, Greek and Middle-Latin works on the Türk Empire. Szeged 1998 MS.

10. Muslim Sources I. • V. Minorsky, Hudūd al-cĀlam. 'The Regions of the World'. A Persian geography 372 A.H. 982 A.D. Gibb Memorial Series XI. London 1937. • Sharaf al-Zamān Tāhir Marvazī on China, the Turks and India. London 1942. • Źródła arabskie do dziejów słowiańszczyzny (Arabische Quellen zur Geschichte des Slaventums). I. Hrsg. T. Lewicki. Wrocław, Kraków 1956; II/1. Hrsg. T. Lewicki. Wrocław, Warsawa, Kraków 1969; II/2. Hrsg. T. Lewicki. Wrocław, Warsawa, Kraków 1977; III. Hrsg. A. Kmietowicz, F. Kmietowicz, T. Lewicki. Wrocław, Warszawa, Kraków 1985.

11. Muslim Sources II. • Kmoskó Mihály,Mohamedán írók a steppe népeiről. Földrajzi irodalom (Die Berichte mohammedanischer Autoren über die Steppenvölker. Geographische Literatur). I/1, I/2. Ed. Zimonyi István. Magyar Őstörténeti Könyvtár (Ungarische Frühgeschichtliche Bibliothek) 10, 13. Budapest 1997, 2000. • Hansgerd Göckenjan, István Zimonyi, Orientalische Berichte über die Völker Osteuropas und Zentralasiens im Mittelalter. Die Ğayhānī-Tradition. Wiesbaden 2001.

12. Latin West • Carpathian basin • Huns • Avars • Hungarians • North of the Black See

13. Map1

14. Byzantium • Balkans • Huns • Avars • Bulghars • Crimea • Caucasus • Saragurs • Sabirs • Khazars

15. Map 2

16. Caliphate • Caucasus • Khazars • Transoxania • Pechenegs • Khazars • Volga Bulghars • Hungarians • Alans • Andalusia • Hungarians • Pechenegs • Khazars

17. Map 3

18. Nomadic Factor in the Medieval History of Europe

19. Formation of Medieval Europe • Ranke: • Einheit der romanischen und germanischen Völker • Szűcs: • 1. 4-5th century • 2. 10th century • Schlesinger: • 1. Roman Germania • 2. German Germania • 3. Slavic Germania • Wenskus: • 1. Mediterraneum • 2. Nomads of the Pontic steppe • 3. Barbaricum of the north-eastern forests • 4. Barbaricum of the forests north of the Alps

20. Nomadic polities in the Middle Ages • Capathian basin: • Huns • Avars • Hungarians • Lower Volga • Khazars • Golden Horde

21. Huns Germans Goths Huns

22. Avars Lombards

23. Slavs Franks Avars

24. Hungarians

25. Rus’ Khazars Caliphate

26. Golden Horde

27. Conclusions Medieval Europe: the synthesisof the Mediterreneum with the forest The Hungarian plain and the South Russian steppe separated the Mediterraneum from the forest The synthesis of the Mediterraneum and the forest spread eastward in the forest zone absorbing the Hungarian plain by 1000 and the steppe of Eastern Europe by the middle of the 16th century.

28. Dominance between the steppe and forest • 4-10th centuries Huns, Avars, Khazars determined the fate of the forest • 11-13th centuries balance of power between Kievan Russia and Cumans • 13-14th centuries Mongol rule of the forest • 16th century the nomads had to submit Russia

29. The languages of Eastern Europe • Iranian speaking nomads:Scythians, Sarmatians and Alans early period • appearance of the Turkic speaking elements Huns in the 4th century A.D. • The Onogurs, Ogurs, Saragurs, Sabirs, Bulghars, Khazars - The Turkic became dominant in Eastern Europe in the 4-6th centuries – Chuvash type dominance • The Kipchak migration in the 11th century -Common Turkic dominance in the 12-15th century

30. Language and people • The formation of Turkic languages can be identified with that of the Turkic peoples. • 2. The Turks were organized into a people from various elements by a Kaghan (Bumin), the founder of the Turk empire. • 3. The formation of the Tukic peoples took place as a longer process.

31. Mühlmann • it is the linguists’ fault that they talk about Indo-European ‘peoples’, not Indo-European ‘languages’. To put it another way, what we call a linguistic community, is by no means a community in a sociological sense, only a group of speakers of the same language, a statistical set. This is valid not only for general concepts like Indo-Europeans, but also for subcategories like Germans, Celts, Slavs, etc. ‘We have to expel the concept of people from the research on origins. Terminology is not indifferent, since incorrect terminology leads unawares to incorrect thoughts. The mix-up and blending of linguistic and ethnic categories is as a scientific impossibility, just like the thimbleriging with linguistic and physical anthropological terminology used to be.’

32. linguistic affinity is a conceptually well defined and well founded term, the affinity of peoples is a concept difficult historically to interpret, since under people we mean a larger group whose cohesion is ensured by a commonly accepted fiction. This means that while in the case of smaller, consanguineous communities, kinship can be verified, in the case of larger groups, tribal alliances, kinship it is obviously a fiction within the community (imagined community). Thus, in case of the affinity of peoples, we create a ‘kinship’ between two fictions, which is a conceptual paradox. In this sense, we cannot talk about the affinity of peoples, only about peoples speaking related languages.

33. Concept of nation

34. Study of history from national angel • Nation is modern phenomenon • The process of history can be selected from national angel? • Modern nation and its historical antecedents

35. Common characters of nation • Everyone has a nationality and equality before law • The state depends on the idea of nation • Civic allegiance is neglected for the sake of the nation

36. Definition of nation • "'Nationality' is an old formation of history, as are 'society' as a concept of sovereign political community and the notion of 'political loyalty', with no inherent connection between these three categories in earlier periods and structures. What is new and has existed only since the end of the 18th century is the historical fusion and functional connection of the three categories, that is nation as we now understand it."

37. Nationality • Secondary in-group – face to face group • We-consciousness – belief in common origin – blood community – immagined community • Culture • Language

38. Society • Political society • sovereign political community based on unity of law and public utility • authority rest within the community • Politically organised society • political subordination • authority from divine sphere

39. Loyalty • Political loyalty • Loyalty to nationality • Religious loyalty

40. Historical ModelsGentility • Origo, mores, lingua • Strong and stable monarchic rule • Socialy stratified – free status of individuals Ethnic consciousness based on common origin, tradition and language coincides with loyaltyto the political power and with the consciousness of common law for the free.

41. Greco-Roman antiquity • Political society in Greek cities • Populus Romanus in Roman Empire • Nationality is secondary

42. Mediaeval Europe • 10th century: Territorial nationalities (Burgundia – Hungary) 13th century Formation of autonomus cities and corporate bodies Medieval nation = orders pars pro toto

43. Typology of nation • Territorial state nationalism nationality and political framework concide strong bourgoisie • Ethnic linguistic nationalism nationality and political framwork differ strong nobility

44. Uygurs • Uyghur bodun under Turkic Khaganate (552-744) • Uyghur Khaganate = Empire = ellig bodun (744-840) Manichaism • Tarim Basin – Uyghur state – Mongol Empire Buddhism and Islam • 16th-19th centuries lack of Uyghur identity • 1920s – Soviet experts: the Turkic speaking, Muslim, settled way of life = Uyghurs

45. Tatars • Volga Bulgharia • Islam • Tatar (Golden Horde) • Kazan Tatar

46. World-religions among the nomads of Eastern Europe • Judaism was adopted by the Khazars in the first half of the 9th century • the Volga Bulghars embraced Islam in the beginning of the 10th century • Christianity spread among the Rus’, Hungarians and Pechenegs at the end of the 10th century

47. Umayyads • 722 the Muslims attacked the Khazar capital, Balanjar and the Khazar ruler had to move his residence to the lower Volga. • 737the Muslim troops crossed the Caucasus and reached the capital on the Volga. The Khazar ruler was forced to embrace Islam.

48. Abbasids • Prosperous trade between the caliphate and the Khazar Empire in the ninth century. • Muslim merchants obtain slaves, wax, honey and furs for dirhams. • The Khazar capital had a great Muslim colony with mosques, imams and mu’ezzins and schools.

49. Samanids • 922 Volga Bulghars • 965 Khazars • 988 Kievan Rus’ • Pechenegs (c.1010) • Hungarians

50. Golden Horde • Berke (1257-67) • Özbek (1312-1342)