Africa

1. Africa Achieving Independence Programs for Development Three Nations: A Closer Look Struggles in Southern Africa

2. Achieving Independence • The Colonial Legacy • Economics – Europeans introduced new crops/technologies/cash • new transportation methods linked interior to ports • exporting raw materials to colonies paid for colonial rule • most Africans gained little – lost much from colonial rule • Politics – took over government, denied education to locals • even when they left, the colonial powers controlled things • Independent African leaders did not see democracy as the way to go • Health Care and Education –Brought medical advances • Western doctors developed vaccines (malaria, small pox, yellow fever) • Under pressure, colonial leaders built hospitals and schools • Access to education was very limited • National Borders – colonial borders remained • Often, huge conflicts between ethnic/tribal groups • New independent nations tried to build unity from disorder

3. A Growing Spirit of Nationalism • 4 countries controlled Africa after WW2 • GB, France, Belgium, Portugal • Impact of World War II • Nationalist groups saw the colonial powers as beatable • Believed they deserved independence for supporting Allies • Colonial powers continued to treat native populations poorly • The Global Setting – European people done with war • New policies adopted by colonial powers for political reforms • Idea was to lead to independence, but when?? • Nationalist Leaders – new leaders emerged • Most new leaders were educated in the West/Europe • Political parties, led by powerful speakers, pushed for independence • Used demonstrations, strikes and boycotts to push for change • Timetables for independence negotiated with colonial powers

4. Algeria • Ghana • Kwame Nkrumah organized a radical political party • Pushed for independence, used strikes, boycotts, riots • Imprisoned • Will be first prime minister of independent Ghana • Kenya • Jomo Kenyatta led non-violent faction but violence will break out • Kenyatta imprisoned (became hero) • Will be first prime minister of independent Kenya • Algeria • 9 year civil war for independence from France • 10,000’s French and 100,000’s Algerians die before independence won in 1962 Ghana Kenya

5. Modernization and Change • 50+ nations were born during Africa’s “great liberation” • Great hopes for a better future, both economically and politically • Many different paths taken in trying to achieve their goals • Some made huge progress, despite obstacle • Other suffered civil wars in struggles for control/power • Natural disasters, military rule, corrupt leaders made progress In some countries almost impossible • In some countries, the standard of living actually fell while a small elite live in luxury/privilege

6. Civil War and Africa • Cold War impacted development in Africa – even though most African nations chose to remain neutral • Those who favored socialism were favored by the USSR and mistrusted by the US • Those who favored capitalism were favored by the US and mistrusted by the USSR • Cold War rivalries affected local conflicts as US/USSR support rival groups • Weapons supplied have fallen into the hands of various groups, thus armed conflict has continued

7. Other Developments • Organization of African Unity (OAU) • Regional and Global organizations have promoted cooperation among African nations • OAU – forum to discuss issues • African Development Bank – needed capital for development • United Nations (UN) • African nations have joined UN • They have contributed and benefitted from membership • Healthcare, literacy and economic development • Disaster Relief • Famine and other natural disasters often strike Africa • Many organizations have provided aid • Red Cross, Doctors without Borders, Oxfam, UN/WHO • Many problems/issues still persist • Somalia, Sudan, Congo, etc all dealing with huge problems

8. Programs for Development • Seeking Unity and Stability • Divisions – diverse cultures, languages & histories • Nationalism helped unify, but once colonial power left, their loyalties were to their group • Ethnic and regional conflict (Ex – Sudan/South Sudan) • Civil War – colonial rule set tribes against each other • Civil wars erupted when leaders monopolized power/money for their group or themselves • One-Party Rule – only one party has political power • Believed it created unity over multi-party systems • Party sometimes offered candidates within party (democratic?) • Military Rule – unrest often led to military rule • More than ½ African nations experienced military rule • “Motivated only by sense of duty, not power and wealth” • Often became brutal tyrants (Uganda – Idi Amin) • Reforms – demands for change from inside and outside • People’s participation/democratic reformsbefore more loans • Opposition parties legalized, censorship lifted, open elections

9. Programs for Development • Economic Choices • Socialism or Capitalism • Use scarce resources where most needed (not most profitable) • Hoped to end foreign gov’t influence, prevent inequality between rich and poor • MIXED ECONOMY – relied heavily on loans from world banks • Developed some industry but heavily dependence on imports • Cash crops or Food • Gov’t efforts to create cash crops (exportable) now unable to feed their own people • Urban or Rural Needs • Prices kept low to meet needs of city people, hurt rural farmers • Gov’t tried to help farmers by subsidizing their farms • The Debt Crisis • Most in debt, borrowed to buy imported products like oil • Interest on loans wiped out their yearly budgets • Banks required tough reforms before lending more money • Aid to poor, farmers cut – people hurt & angry

10. Programs for Development • The population of Africa puts a tremendous strain on the countries trying to develop • Critical Issues • Drought and Famine – prolonged drought • Livestock died, farmland blew away, millions become refugees • DESERTIFICATION – the spread of the desert (ethiopia, sudan) • War over scarce resources often follows • Deforestation –cash crops cut down forests • Environmental destruction to land • Drought intensified due to deforestation • AIDS – epidemic in Africa (Uganda & Tanzania esp.) • Most treatments too expensive for nations/people to affort • WHO leading efforts to educate people to prevent HIV/AIDS

11. Programs for Development • Old and New Patterns – new ways disrupted traditional culture in Africa • People want better standard of living/technology & they want to preserve their culture • Impact of Urbanization – rapid migration to cities • Weakened traditional cultures and mixed ethnic groups • Young who return to villages scorned for new ways • Effects on Women – few educated, most stuck in poverty • As men move to city for work, women left to do everything else • Most constitutions promise equality, but rarely enforced

12. Programs for Development • Christianity in Africa – Colonialism brought Christianity to Africa • Christian churches in Africa often combine teaching of their church and traditional African beliefs • Religious leaders often the ones to stand up to dictators, violence • Occasionally, they are killed for standing up to the power • Islamic Revival – Heavily influences the northern half of Africa and is spreading south • Social Justice a main tenant of Islam, very popular • Rejection of western (colonial) ways also very popular • Government/military crackdowns have happened where Islam seems to be strong enough to impact the government • Islamic Revival also created a deeper religious commitment – those who see the world becoming more SECULAR. They see that as bad/wrong and work to stop it

13. Three Nations: A Closer Look • Pressures for Change in Nigeria • Independence in 1942 – hoped to develop quickly • Rich in resources, especially oil, good farm land • Diversity and Civil Strife • 250 ethnic groups lumped together – competing for power • Constitution drafted to protect all, didn’t work • Bloody civil war after massacre/blockade • Economic Recovery • Oil boom helped recovery, gov’t developed industries • Borrowed heavily from the West • Rural people flooded cities for jobs, farmers ignored • Military and Civilian Rule • Military took over – in the name of reform – imposed rigid laws/rules • IMF intervened and demanded harsh economic reforms • Nigeria’s economy doing better, people being treated better

14. Three Nations: A Closer Look • Dictatorship and War in Congo • Belgium determined to keep the Congo • Did nothing to prepare the people for independence • Civil War broke out when Belgium left • Rich in resources, Congo capable of economic strength • Struggle for control has left Congo in chaos • Mobutu in Power • US ended worst fighting • Mobutu took control, renamed Zaire • 34 years of increasingly brutal dictatorship – backed by West for strong anti-communist views • Conflicts Continue • Ethnic violence in neighboring countries spilled into Zaire • Rebels overthrew Mobuto, renamed country Congo • Violence, civil war has killed over 1 million

15. Nigeria Tanzaniza Congo

16. Three Nations: A Closer Look • Tanzania’s Experiment in Socialism • Julius Nyerere – wanted to change his country • Goals included improving rural life, building a classless society, and creating a self-sufficient economy • “African Socialism” – African Village traditions of cooperation and shared responsibility • Introduced a command economy – nationalized all banks and foreign businesses • One-Party Rule – lots of land, little capital or resources • Main exports were cotton, coffee, tea and tobacco • Most worked as farmers • 120 ethnic groups • Party ruled, but many candidates for office • Mutual Cooperation – UJAMAA • Encourage to farm collectively • Gov’t pledged to build roads, provide tools, clean water, health care and schools • IT DID NOT WORK – many forced to move, output went down not up • Reforms – Nyerere resigned, Mwinyi replaced him • Cut gov’t spending, cut gov’t size, privatized businesses, moved to market economy • Food output did not go down when rest of Africa was struggling • Gov’t provided basic services like water, school, healthcare

17. Struggles in Southern Africa • Zimbabwe’s Road to Majority Rule • Armed Struggle • Rebuilding

18. Struggles in Southern Africa • South Africa’s Long Struggle • Afrikaner Nationalism • Apartheid in Action • Black Resistance • Mandela’s Struggle • Toward Reform • Majority Rule

19. Struggles in Southern Africa • The New South Africa • Other Nations in Southern Africa • Namibia • Portuguese Colonies • Wars Continue

20. Struggles in Southern Africa • Outlook and Gains • Education and Health Care • Economic Opportunity • Cultural Influence