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INSIDE THE CELL

INSIDE THE CELL. Yellow –Headings Red – Vocabulary Purple – Important Stuff. Cell Diversity and Size. INTERNAL ORGANIZATION. ORGANELLES: CELL COMPONENT THAT PERFORMS SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS FOR THE CELL. EUKARYOTES. ORGANISMS WHOSE CELLS CONTAIN: MEMBRANE-BOUND NUCLEUS OTHER ORGANELLES.

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INSIDE THE CELL

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  1. INSIDE THE CELL Yellow –Headings Red – Vocabulary Purple – Important Stuff

  2. Cell Diversity and Size

  3. INTERNAL ORGANIZATION • ORGANELLES: • CELL COMPONENT THAT PERFORMS SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS FOR THE CELL

  4. EUKARYOTES • ORGANISMS WHOSE CELLS CONTAIN: • MEMBRANE-BOUND NUCLEUS • OTHER ORGANELLES

  5. PROKARYOTES • UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS THAT LACK A MEMBRANE-BOUND NUCLEUS • LACK OTHER ORGANELLES • EXAMPLE= BLUE-GREEN ALGAE & BACTERIUM Fossil algae 2 billion years old (left) and living algae (right). Note the similarities in appearance. Interspersed among the living algae are chains of rod-shaped bacteria.

  6. INSIDE THE CELL • CYTOPLASM: • B/T THE NUCLEUS AND THE CELL MEMBRANE • WHERE THE ORGANELLES ARE LOCATED CYTOSOL: • GELATIN-LIKE FLUID THAT SURROUNDS THE ORGANELLES

  7. NUCLEUS: • LARGE • NEAR CENTER OF CELL • CONTAINS MOST OF CELLS GENETIC INFO • DIRECTS MOST ACTIVITIES OF CELL

  8. NUCLEAR MATRIX= PROTEIN SKELETON • NUCLEAR ENVELOPE= DOUBLE MEMBRANE AROUND NUCLEUS • CHROMATIN= COMBO OF DNA & PROTEIN (stretched out chromosome) • CHROMOSOME= DENSELY PACKED (“X”) CHROMATIN • NUCLEAR PORE= SMALL HOLES (EXIT) • NUCLEOLUS= RIBOSOME SYNTHESIS, PRODUCTION

  9. MITOCHONDRIA • THE “MIGHTY MOUSE” OF THE CELL!!! • CONTAIN THEIR OWN DNA • SURROUNDED BY A DOUBLE MEMBRANE • NEW MITO. MADE WHEN EXISTING ONES GROW AND DIVIDE

  10. TRANSFER ENERGY FROM ORGANIC COMPOUNDS TO ATP VIA CHEMICAL RXN’S • ATP = (AdenosineTriPhosphate) MOLECULE THAT MOST CELLS USE AS ENERGY CURRENCY • CAR (MITOCHONDRIA) • GASOLINE (CHEMICAL RXN) • GAS + ENGINE = CAR STARTS (ATP MADE) • CAR RUNS (ENERGY) MITOCHONDRIA IN HUMAN LIVER CELL

  11. SURROUNDED BY: 2 MEMBRANES • OUTER & INNER • CRISTAE: • THE LONG FOLDS INSIDE THE INNER FOLD • ENLARGE SURFACE AREA OF INNER MEMBRANE • CHEMICAL RXNS TAKE PLACE

  12. RIBOSOMES • MOST NUMEROUS ORGANELLE IN THE CELL • NO MEMBRANE • 60% RNA AND 40% PROTEINS MAKE UP RIBOSOME'S

  13. Electron Micrograph of ribosomes. The ribosomes operate in chains when translating a mRNA. • PRODUCED & ASSEMBLED IN THE NUCLEOLUS • Many Proteins are produced by a specialized cell, e.g. antibodies • transported and used elsewhere in the organism • WHEN RIBOSOMES ARE ATTACHED TO ER: • PROTEINS INSERTED TO MEMBRANES • PROTEINS EXPORTED FROM CELL

  14. Proteins being made by DNA Amino acids attach to the other end of our translators to form a chain. This chain is now a protein, and can be used by the body.

  15. PROTEIN CHAIN JHK JHK JHK JHK JHK JHK JHK JHK JHK JHK JHK JHK JHK RIBOSOMES HELP MAKE THE PROTEIN CHAIN

  16. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) • A SYSTEM OF MEMBRANE BOUND SACS AND TUBULES • INTRACELLULAR “HIGHWAY” • MOLECULES MOVE FROM ONE PART OF CELL TO ANOTHER • 2 TYPES OF ER: • SMOOTH ER= (no ribosomes) • ROUGH ER= (COVERED W/RIBOSOMES)

  17. ROUGH ER: IN CELLS THAT MAKE A LOT OF PROTEINS USED FOR EXPORT OUT OF THE CELL ALSO TO BE INSERTED INTO THE CELL MEMBRANE SMOOTH ER: INVOLVED IN PRODUCTION (SYNTHESIS) OF STEROID GLAND CELLS REGULATION OF CALCIUM LEVELS BREAKDOWN OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES BY LIVER CELLS

  18. ROUGH ER SMOOTH ER

  19. GOLGI APPARATUS • PROCESSING • PACKAGING • SECRETING ORGANELLE • SYSTEM OF MEMBRANES “PANCAKES” • SERIES OF FLATTENED SACS W/CONVEX SHAPE IN THE CYTOSOL • MODIFIES PROTEINS FOR EXPORT BY CELL

  20. LYSOSOME • SMALL • SPHERICAL ORGANELLE • ENCLOSE ENZYMES W/I SINGLE MEMBRANES • DIGEST PROTEIN, CARBS., LIPIDS, DNA, RNA • SOMETIMES DIGEST: OLD ORGANELLES, VIRUSES, BACTERIA THAT WERE INGESTED • RARE IN PLANT CELLS

  21. LET’S TAKE A LOOK AT ALL OF THE ORGANELLES WE HAVE TALKED ABOUT SO FAR. CAN YOU TELL ME THE MAIN FUNCTION OF EACH OF THE FOLLOWING: • NUCLEUSa. NUCLEOLUS • ER a. THE 2 TYPES • RIBOSOME • MITOCHONDRIA • a. CRISTAE • LYSOSOME • GOLGI APPARATUS

  22. CYTOSKELETON • NETWORK OF LONG PROTEIN STRANDS IN THE CYTOSOL • NO MEMBRANE • AIDS IN MOVEMENT OF ORGANELLES • MICROFILAMENTS: • THREADS OF A PROTEIN CALLED ACTIN. • SMALLEST STRAND MAKES UP CYTOSKELETON

  23. MICROTUBLES: • LARGEST STRANDS • HOLLOW TUBES • WHEN CELL IS ABOUT TO DIVIDE BUNDLES COME TOGETHER AND EXTEND ACROSS THE CELL SPINDLE FIBERS: • THICK BUNDLES • ASSISTIN MOVEMENT OF CHROMOSOME DURING CELL DIVISION

  24. HOW CELLS MOVE • CELLS USE HAIRLIKE STRUCTURES THAT EXTEND FROM THE SURFACE OF THE CELL • SHORT & IN LARGE QUANTITIES = CILIA • LONG & LESS NUMEROUS = FLAGELLA

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