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Emotion and Motivation

Emotion and Motivation. Pleasure, elation, ecstasy, sadness, depression, fear, anger and calm imbue our action with passion and character Emotion, like perception and action is controlled by distinct neuronal circuits within the brain What parts of the brain are involved in emotion ?.

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Emotion and Motivation

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  1. Emotion and Motivation

  2. Pleasure, elation, ecstasy, sadness, depression, fear, anger and calmimbue our action with passion and characterEmotion, like perception and action is controlled by distinct neuronal circuits within the brainWhat parts of the brain are involved in emotion ? A: Emotional states Chapter 32

  3. A theory of emotion must explain the relationship of cognitive and physiological statesHow is the emotion represented in the cortex ?How do subcortical structures regulate the autonomic and endocrine systems ?

  4. Hypothalamus communicates reciprocally with areas of the cerebral cortex, information about the conscious and peripheral aspects of emotion affect each other

  5. The hypothalamus is a critical subcortical structure in the regulation of emotion - homeostatic mechanismHypothalamus regulates the vital functions that vary with emotional states : temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, and water and food intake (autonomic system). Hypothalamus also controls the endocrine system.

  6. The autonomic nervous system participates in emotional states-Sympathetic: fight or flight - parasympathetic: rest and digest- enteric

  7. The autonomic nervous system is controlled by many region of the brain, the cerebral cortex, the amygdale that influence the autonomic system through the hypothalamus. Visceral afferents Hypothalamic nuclei Hormonal output Nucleus Of the Solitary tract Target organs Autonomic output Brain stem nuclei Autonomic Preganglionic nuclei

  8. The hypothalamus controlsthe endocrine system- directly by secretion of neuroendocrine products in to the general circulation from the pituitary- indirectly by secretion of regulating hormones in to the pituitary

  9. Manifestations of emotional states can be selectively elicited by stimulating the hypothalamushypothalamus is the coordinating center that integrates various inputs into a well organized set of autonomic and somatic responses

  10. The search for cortical and subcrotical representation of emotions has led to the amygdalaThe amygdala is the part of limbic system most specifically concerned with emotion

  11. The amygdala mediates both inborn and acquired emotional responsesEmotional memories are not stored in the amygdala directly but are stored in the cingulate and parahippocampal cortices, with which the amygdala is interconnected

  12. Motivation is the area of biology concerned with internal needs rather than with the processing of sensory informationMotivational state is thought to be controlled by homeostatic process Motivation varies as a function of deprivation B: Motivation Chapter 33

  13. Motivational states serve three functions1- Directing function2- Activating function3- Organizing function

  14. Attainment of a goal decreases the intensity of the motivational states Curiosity and sexual arousal do not appear to be based on any well-defined physiological deprivationMotivation intensity and direction of behaviors

  15. Homeostatic mechanisms - Hypothalamus • Internal environment of the body is highly regulated so as to be maintained in a stable, narrow range. • This constancy is the result of homeostatic mechanisms that limit the variability of body state • Homeostatic processes such as temperature regulation, feeding and thirst correspond to motivational states

  16. Homeostatic mechanisms can be understood by analogy with the control system or servo mechanisms

  17. Chemical stimulation of the hypothalamusalter feeding behaviorEach type of nutrient is regulated with different neurotransmitters - norepinephrine carbohydrates- peptide galanin fat- opiates protein

  18. Temperature regulation involvesintegration of autonomic, endocrineand skelomotor responsesHypothalamus regulates body temperatureAnterior hypothalamus heat dissipation Posterior hypothalamus heat conservation

  19. Normal body temperature is the set pointIn addition to driving appropriate autonomic, endocrine and nonvoluntary skeletal responses, the error signal of can also drive voluntary behaviors warm-sensitive neuronscold -sensitive neurons

  20. Feeding behavior is regulated byshort-term and long-term cuesShort-term cues regulate the size of individual meals and long term cues regulate the overall body weightThe effectiveness of short-term cues is modulated by some long-term signal reflecting body weight (related to total fat stores)

  21. Feeding behavior is regulated by agreat variety of mechanismsbody weight is regulated around a set pointbody must provide feedback signals that control nutrient intake and metabolism

  22. Although body weight variousfrom animal to animal ,the daily expenditure of energy is constantacross and within species

  23. Dual controlling elements are involvedin the control of food intakeLateral hypothalamus feeding center Medial hypothalamus satiety center

  24. Hypothalamic lesionsalter the feeding behavior1- Alteration of sensory information2- Alteration of set point3- Alteration of hormonal balance4- Effect on fibers of passage

  25. Thirst is regulated by tissue osmolality and vascular volumeThe hypothalamus regulates water balance by direct physiological actionIt also regulates the behavioral aspects of drinkingA set point of water intake appears to exist

  26. Drinking is controlled by :Tissue osmolality: osmoreceptors (or sodium-level receptors, probably neurons) can respond to the osmatic pressure of the extracellular fluid Change in vascular volume: are detected in the low pressure side of the circulationDryness of the tongue and high body temperature: detected by thermosensitive neurons

  27. Motivational states can be regulated byfactors other than tissue needsCuriosity and sexual responses do not appear to be controlled by the lack of specific substances in the bodyHomeostatic responses are modulated by innate and learned mechanisms

  28. - Ecological constraints may shape motivated behaviors - Behavior may anticipate physiological deficits- Pleasure is an important but poorly understood factor in motivating behavior- Intracranial stimulation cam simulate motivational states and reinforce behavior

  29. Only once have I been made mute.It was when a man asked me, ‘Who are you ?’ Gibran Kahlil Gibran

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