Monroe Doctrine Spain wanted to reclaim former colonies in Latin America .

1. World History/Cultures Chapter 16-The Age of Imperialism Section 4- Imperialism in the Americas

2. Monroe Doctrine • Spain wanted to reclaim former colonies in Latin America. • U.S. didn't want Spain close to its borders. • Great Britain had good trade relations with Latin America & didn't want it disrupted by Spain. • Great Britain wants to issue jointwarning to European powers with U.S.

3. Monroe Doctrine con’t • U.S. acts by itself through President James Monroe & Secretary of State John Quincy Adams. • 1823: Monroe warns European powers not to interfere in Western Hemisphere countries- Monroe Doctrine. • American continents not to be colonized. • Attempt to colonize threat to America’s safety.

4. Monroe Doctrine con’t • 1895: Great Britain had conflict with Venezuela over borders with • British Guiana. U.S. urged dispute should be settled by arbitration . (Settlement by a third party) • Using Monroe Doctrine, U.S. issues warning to Great Britain to accept arbitration. Problems in British empire & aware of U.S. power, Great Britain agreed to peace with Venezuela.

5. Spanish-American War • After Guiana border dispute, U.S. focused on Puerto Rico & Cuba, Spanish colonies in late 1800s. • Cuba's tobacco & sugar plantations important to Spain. • 1895, Jose Marti, political activist, led Cubans in bloody revolt against • Spanish rule. Cubans sent to prisoncamps with harsh conditions. • U.S. sympathetic for Cubans struggle for freedom.

6. Spanish-American War con’t • Jan 1898: President William McKinley sent Battleship Maine to Havana, Cuba. • The Maine explodes in Havana Harbor & kills 260 American sailors. • Cry "Remember the Maine" - spreads across U.S.

7. Spanish-American War con’t • American newspapers report Spain responsible for the Maine disaster. • April 1898: McKinley & Congress declare war on Spain. • War lasted four months- victory for U.S.

8. American Territories • 1867: U.S. purchased Alaska from Russia. • 1868: U.S. annexed Hawaii. • 1898: After Spanish-American War, U.S. gained Spanish Territories in the Pacific- Philippines & Guam & Puerto Rico in the Caribbean. • Cuba independent stayed under American protection. • 1917: U.S. purchased Virgin Islands from Denmark.

9. Panama Canal • Spanish-American War- U.S. world power. • U.S. needed to move fleet between Pacific & Atlantic Oceans. • Canal needed across Isthmus of Panama. • 1880s: Ferdinand de Lesseps, builder of Suez Canal, failed to build Panama Canal. • 13 years after de Lessep's company went bankrupt, President Theodore Roosevelt with Congress backing, acquired Panama Canal rights & property. • 1902: Panama part of Columbia. Roosevelt unsuccessful in negotiating treaty to build canal.

10. Panama Canal con’t • 1903: U.S. agents encourage People of Panama to revolt against Columbia. With help of U.S. Navy, Colombian troops unable to land- rebellion over quickly. New Republic of Panama signs treaty- grants U.S. land to build canal. • 1904-1914: Panama Canal built. Workers die from malaria & yellow fever. Sanitation measures to control disease-carrying mosquitoes. • Canal- great engineering feat.

11. Panama Canal con’t • Panama Canal spreads U.S. influence in Latin America. • 1904: President extends MonroeDoctrine- became known as Roosevelt Corollary. Under this, U.S. intervened to force Latin American countries to honor their foreign debts.

12. Panama Canal con’t • 1904-1924: U.S. intervened in Dominican Republic, Haiti & Nicaragua. U.S. viewed actions- provided stability & spread democracy. • Latin America view U.S. actions possibly turning their countries into colonies & protect business that exploited their resources.

13. Mexico • 1800s-1900s: U.S. involved in Mexico. • 1830s: Dictator, Santa Anna, met with opposition in Mexican state of Texas. Many Americans settled there. • 1835: Americans & some Mexicans revolt & set up republic of Texas. • 1845: Texas republic joins U.S. as a state. Conflict between Mexico & U.S. Mexico defeated in Mexican War. • 1848: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo- almost half of Mexico's territory goes to U.S.

14. Reform/Conflict • Era of change in Mexico- La Reforma. Mexicans chose Benito Juarez as President. • 1863: French occupy Mexico City. Juarez fled & organized guerrilla movement. • 1864: French name Austrian Archduke Maximilian emperor of Mexico. • 1867: U.S. pressures French to withdraw. Juarez returns to power (Maximilian executed) • 1872: After Juarez death, General Diaz seized power. Strengthened army & limited individual freedoms. Mexico made economicadvances. Profits went to the wealthy. Most Mexicans stayed poor.

15. Mexican Revolution • 1910-1920: People discontent with Diaz & revolt. Mexicans immigrate to U.S. • Revolution started when liberal reformer, Francisco Madero, overthrew Diaz in 1910.

16. Mexican Revolution con’t • Madero murdered by General Huerta. Mexico revolts & American intervention removes Huerta from power. • 3 revolutionary leaders vie for power: Zapata, "Pancho" Villa & Carranza. • Zapata fought for rights of poorfarmers.

17. Mexican Revolution con’t • Zapata & Villa proposed medical reforms. • 1915: Carranza, a conservative, becomes President (with American support) • Villa retaliated- went into New Mexico & killed 18 Americans.

18. Mexican Revolution con’t • President Woodrow Wilson sent troops into Mexico to capture Villa. • Outbreak of World War I caused withdrawal of American troops from Mexico. • Carranza introduced a liberal constitution, slow in reforms.

19. Mexican Revolution con’t • 1919: pro-Carranza military officer murdered Zapata, who protested Carranza's disregard of land reform. • 1920: Carranza killed during a revolt. General Obregon now in power. • 1920s: Tensions relaxed between Mexico & U.S. American intervention not forgotten by Mexicans.