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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM. INTRODUCTION:. AKA: the circulatory system Consists of the heart and a closed system of vessels called arteries, veins, and capillaries. Two Pathways. Pulmonary Circulation Carries blood to lungs and back Systemic Circulation Carries blood to body and back.

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CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

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  1. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

  2. INTRODUCTION: AKA: the circulatory system • Consists of the heart and a closed system of vessels called arteries, veins, and capillaries

  3. Two Pathways • Pulmonary Circulation • Carries blood to lungs and back • Systemic Circulation • Carries blood to body and back

  4. Arteries:carries blood Away from heart • Large • Thick-walled, Muscular • Elastic • Oxygenated blood • Exception Pulmonary Artery • Carried under great pressure • Steady pulsating

  5. Capillaries • Smallest vessel • Microscopic • Walls one cell thick • Nutrients and gases diffuse here

  6. Veins:Carries blood to heart • Carries blood that contains waste and CO2 • Exception pulmonary vein • Blood not under much pressure • Valves to prevent much gravity pull

  7. Varicose VeinsDamaged Valves in Veins

  8. Artery vs. Vein

  9. SIZE,SHAPE & LOCATION OF HEART • 4 chambered muscular organ • Shaped/sized roughly like a person’s closed fist • Lies in the mediastinum • 2/3 of heart located on left side of the midline and 1/3 on the right.

  10. Structure of the Heart Covering • PERICARDIUM is a loose-fitting sac and consist of two parts: • Fibrous portion tough, loose, and inelastic sac around the heart • Serous portion consist of two layers

  11. Serous portion -layers • PARIETAL LAYER: lining inside of the fibrous pericardium • VISCERAL LAYER: is also known as the EPICARDIUM -It attaches to the large blood vessels at the top of the heart • PERICARDIAL SPACE is a space between the visceral layer (epicardium) and the parietal layer • Lubricating fluid secreted by the serous membrane known as PERICARDIAL FLUID

  12. Wall of the Heart • Three layers of tissue make up the heart wall: • Epicardium • Myocardium • Endocardium

  13. Epicardium • Outer layer • Meaning “on the heart” • Is actually the visceral layer of the pericardium

  14. Myocardium • Makes up the bulk of the heart wall • Is the thick, contractile middle layer of cardiac muscle cells • Cardiac muscles do not fatigue

  15. Endocardium • The lining of the interior of the myocardial wall • Composed of a layer of endothelial tissue, which line the heart and blood vessels

  16. Chambers of the Heart • Interior is divided into 4 chambers (cavities) • ATRIA (ATRIUM) Two upper chambers • VENTRICLES Two lower chambers • SEPTUM the left chambers is separated form the right chambers by this heart wall

  17. Atria • Often called the “receiving chambers” • They receive blood from vessels termed veins • Myocardium is not as thick here

  18. Ventricles • The lower chambers • Receive blood from the atria and pump blood out of the heart into arteries • “primary pumping chambers” • Myocardium is thicker so more force is needed

  19. Valves of the heart • Are mechanical devices that permit the flow of blood in one direction only • Two Atrioventricular valves (AV) • Guard the opening between the atria and the ventricles • Two Semilunar valves (SL) • Located where the pulmonary artery (right ventricle) and the aorta (left ventricle) arise

  20. Atrioventricular Valves • Tricuspid valve: consists of three flaps (cusps). • The free edge of each flap is anchored to the papillary muscles by several cordlike structures termed chordae tendineae • Bicuspid (or mitral valve): the left atrioventricular valve guards the left opening • Only has two flaps. • Both allow blood to flow from atria into ventricles but prevents it from flowing back.

  21. Semilunar Valves • Consist of half-moon shaped flaps • Pulmonary semilunar valve • Aortic semilunar valve

  22. Blood Flow Through the Heart

  23. Heartbeat Regulation • The heart beats due to a small electrical current by the cardiac conduction system. It has 5 major components: 1. The sinoatrial node (SA node): Known as the heart's "pacemaker", causes the heart to beat.

  24. Heartbeat Regulation 2. The atrioventricular node (AV node): the electrical "relay station" between the upper and lower heart chambers. 3. The bundle of His: muscle fibers that conduct the electrical impulses that regulate heartbeat. 4. Bundle branches: Connected to the bundle of His, these lead to the lower ventricles. 5. Purkinje fibers: conduct impulses through the heart.

  25. Cardiac Conduction System

  26. How it works! • Special cells, produce electricity in the body by rapidly changing their electrical charge. • When the heart is relaxed the cells have a negative charge. Outside of the cells are positive. • Cells depolarize as some of their negative atoms move through the cell membrane, and it's this depolarization that causes electricity in the heart.

  27. How it works -continued • Once one cell depolarizes it sparks a chain reaction and electricity flows from cell to cell. • When cells return to normal it's called repolarization, and the process is repeated with every heartbeat.

  28. Blood Pressure • A normal blood pressure is 120/80

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