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Academic Referencing

Academic Referencing. U. SAIDI 2013. HARVARD REFERENCING SYSTEM. OBJECTIVES. By the end of this lecture you should be able to Identify information used in referencing. Carry out intext referencing using Harvard style Draw up a typical reference list ( endtext ) using Harvard. Definition.

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Academic Referencing

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  1. Academic Referencing U. SAIDI 2013 HARVARD REFERENCING SYSTEM

  2. OBJECTIVES • By the end of this lecture you should be able to • Identify information used in referencing. • Carry out intext referencing using Harvard style • Draw up a typical reference list (endtext) using Harvard.

  3. Definition • A system which allows academics to acknowledge sources used in coming up with an academic write-up. • Reasons • To avoid plagiarism • To authenticate one’s work • To allow reader/marker to verify or trace where one has taken his/her information from • To demonstrate academic maturity and professionalism

  4. Forms of academic referencing • Intext referencing this is citation within the body of the essay. • Realised as either paraphrasing (presenting a scholar’s idea in your own words—makes up 80% of the intext referencing (Sinfield and Burns, 2004) • Or as a direct quotation (presenting scholarly ideas, points verbatim). Direct quotations are presented in quotation marks “ ” or ‘ ’ for short (1-3 lines) quotations. And Indented (Indention/indentation –where justified space if left on both margins when directly quoting a long quotation 3+ lines)

  5. Endtext The list of references at the end of the essay. It should reflect all referenced sources as used in the essay. This is a comprehensive list contain full details of a source. • Details of an authentic source • Names of authors ( Surnames and Initials) • Year of publication (of that particular copy) • Titles (Book, article, album, show, documentary…) • Publisher (e.g. Mambo Press, Jongwe Printers) • Place/City of publication (Harare, Gweru) • Websites (for online sources) • Dates (in case of newspapers) • Volumes, Issue Number, (journals, magazines)

  6. Key Surname (Sur) Book Title (BT) Initial (I) Year of Publication (Yr) Place of Publication (Place/City) Title of Article (TT) Volume (Vol.) Et. al (and other scholars)

  7. What does Harvard say? • When we are paraphrasing? A source by ONE author Sur (Yr) (Arrow representing information presented) e.g. Moyo (2010) argues that… A source by TWO authors Sur and Sur (Yr) e.g. Moyo and Hunzvi (2010) disagree by saying… A source by THREE authors Sur, Sur and Sur (Yr) e.g. Clark, Moyo and Hunzvi (2010) disagree by saying…

  8. A source by THREE/FOUR + authors Sur et al. (Yr) e.g. Moyo et al. (2013) argue that… EDITED SOURCES A source by ONE editor Sur (ed.) (Yr) e.g. Moyo (ed.) (2000) argues that… A source by TWO editors Sur and Sur (eds.) (Yr) e.g. Moyo and Ncube (eds.) (2001) argues that… A source by THREE editors Sur, Sur and Sur (eds.) (Yr) e.g. Moyo, Ncube and Sur (eds.) (2001) argues that…

  9. A source by THREE/FOUR + editors Sur et al. (eds.) (Yr) e.g. Clark et al. (eds.) (2001) argue that…

  10. When direct quoting A source by ONE author Sur (Yr:10) “ ” or indented. e.g. Moyo (2010:10) argues that… A source by TWO authors Sur and Sur (Yr:18) “ ” e.g. Moyo and Hunzvi (2010:18) disagree by saying… A source by THREE authors Sur, Sur and Sur (Yr:87) “ ” e.g. Clark, Moyo and Hunzvi (2010:87) disagree by saying…

  11. NB • By factoring PAGE NUMBERS in the Yr. bracket separated by colon [:] (where information is presented with quotation marks or indented) allows you to account for direct quotations. • Nothing changes for edited sources; factor PAGE NUMBERS.

  12. ANY QUESTIONS?

  13. ENDTEXT • The Harvard Calls its endtext REFERENCE LIST • RULES TO BE FOLLOWED WHEN DRAWING UP A REFERENCE LIST 1. Sources should be presented on a fresh page 2. Do not NUMBER Sources instead arrange them in alphabetical order 3. All sources cited in the INTEXT should make a re-comeback. 4. Be Neat

  14. REFERENCE LIST Sur, I., Sur, I. and Sur, I. (Yr) BT, Place: Publisher. Moyo, P., Neyo, K. and Zuzu, D. (2010) Information, Gweru: Mambo Press. Sur, I. (Yr) BT, Place: Publisher. Moyo, P. (2010) Information, Gweru: Mambo Press. Sur, I. and Sur, I. (Yr) BT, Place: Publisher. Moyo, P. and Clark, C. (2010) Information, Gweru: Mambo Press. Sur, I. et al. (Yr) BT, Place: Publisher. Moyo, P. et al. (2010) Information, Gweru: Mambo Press.

  15. Edited books Sur, I., Sur, I. and Sur, I. (eds.)(Yr) BT, Place: Publisher. Moyo, P., Neyo, K. and Zuzu, D. (eds.) (2010) Information, Gweru: Mambo Press. Sur, I. (ed.) (Yr) BT, Place: Publisher. Moyo, P. (ed.)(2010) Information, Gweru: Mambo Press. Sur, I. and Sur, I. (eds.) (Yr) BT, Place: Publisher. Moyo, P. and Clark, C. (eds.) (2010) Information, Gweru: Mambo Press. Sur, I. et al. (eds.)(Yr) BT, Place: Publisher. Moyo, P. et al. (eds.)(2010) Information, Gweru: Mambo Press. Sur, I. (Yr) ‘TT’ in Sur, I. (ed.) BT, Place: Publisher. Moyo, P. 2010) ‘Computers’ in Dube, K. (ed.)Information, Gweru: Mambo Press.

  16. Articles (From Journals, Newspapers etc Sur, I., Sur, I. and Sur, I. (Yr) ‘TT’, Journal Name Vol. No., Place: Publisher. Moyo, P., Neyo, K. and Zuzu, D. (2010) ‘My Information’, Journal of Computers Vol.7. No.5, Gweru: Mambo Press. Sur, I. (Yr) ‘TT’, Journal Name Vol. No., Place: Publisher. Moyo, P. (2010) ‘My Information’, Journal of Information Vol.6. No. 8, Gweru: Mambo Press. Sur, I. and Sur, I. (Yr) ‘TT’, Name of Newspaper, Dates Moyo, P. and Clark, C. (2010) ‘My Information’, The Herald, 8 March 2013. Sur, I. et al. (Yr) ‘TT’, Name of Magazine Volume Number: Publisher. Moyo, P. et al. (2010) ‘My Information’, Parade Issue 6 No. 8, Gweru: Mambo Press.

  17. ONLINE SOURCES Sur, I. (Yr) ‘TT’, [online] Journal Name Vol. No., Web address, date accessed. Moyo, P. (2010) ‘My Information’, [online] Journal of Information 6 (8) Available at www.sagepub.com Accessed on 8 March 2013. Sur, I., Sur, I. and Sur, I. (Yr) ‘TT’, [Online] Journal Name Vol. No., Web Moyo, P., Neyo, K. and Zuzu, D. (2010) ‘My Information’, [Online] Journal of Computers 7(5) Available at www.sagepub.com Accessed on 3 February 2013. Sur, I. and Sur, I. (Yr) ‘TT’,[Online] Name of Newspaper, Dates, Web add, Date Accessed. Moyo, P. and Clark, C. (2010) ‘My Information’, [Online] The Herald, 8 March 2013, Available at www.theherald.co.zw Accessed on 7 March 2013. Sur, I. (Yr) ‘TT’, [online] Journal Name Vol. No., doi. Moyo, P. (2010) ‘My Information’, [online] Journal of Information 6 (8) doi: 10.1177/1538192712441798.

  18. ANY QUESTIONS?

  19. Task • Draw up a TYPICAL reference list of the following sources using a reference system recommended in your area of study. (Indicate which reference system you have used). • Patrick, Redman, book, Good Essay Writing. Published by Sage in the British Capital, 2006. [2] • Reverend Edgar Keen edited a book called Natural Language. Published in 1988 by CUP, Cambridge. [2] • Prof. John Smith’s chapter called ‘One Hundred’ which appeared in Wil Jones’ edited book called Information about health. It is a brown book published by Oxford UP in Oxford whose address is 24356 Baker Street, Oxford. [2] • Mr. Gabriel Wringe’s article ‘How Students Fail’ appeared in the RELC JOURNAL Vol. 6. No. 8. Pages 120 to 230. [2]

  20. NEXT LECTURE • We are to carry referencing USING APA (American Psychological Association) and (MLA) Modern Languages Association ) • Please research in advance.

  21. HOMEWORK • Go into the library and look for the following sources • A book by one author • A book by four authors • A book edited by two scholars • A journal article by two scholars • A newspaper article by one author • A newsletter article by one author • One online source • A dissertation • A television programme • A song Q: DRAW UP A REFERENCE LIST USING HARVARD

  22. NB • Have you signed today’s register?

  23. Welcome to Varsity & Happy studying Until next time

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