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Referencing

Referencing. By Andreas Grondoudis. Contents. What is referencing and why use it? References vs. Bibliography The two main systems (Harvard & Numeric) Compiling a list of references Electronic references Direct quotations and Bibliography Common mistakes.

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Referencing

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  1. Referencing By Andreas Grondoudis

  2. Contents • What is referencing and why use it? • References vs. Bibliography • The two main systems (Harvard & Numeric) • Compiling a list of references • Electronic references • Direct quotations and Bibliography • Common mistakes

  3. What is referencing and why use it? • What is it: • Referencing is the act of acknowledging all work (from somebody else) that you have used in your work. Since you are citing a paper you have read you must provide a reference for it. • Why use it: • Referencing is used to acknowledge other people's work or ideas in relation to your own. • To enable a reader to find the source material • if need be, to cross-reference or just read • To avoid plagiarism or literary theft. We talked about this in ethics. What's the worse that could happen? • Face legal action, adverse publicity, ostracism by the academic community, students could lose assignments and courses, even suspension from the university

  4. When should references be used? • When citing factual material from other sources • On paper • Papers, books, theses, lecture or lab documents, magazine & newspaper articles, any public material published, government documents • Electronic • Web pages; online journal papers and conference proceedings; CDROMS (media) and electronic databases • Visual and audio material • Videos; tapes; CDs, DVDs

  5. References vs. Bibliography • A list of references is a list of all the sources that you have cited in the text of your document. • Preferred for technical documents as: 1)it is the system used in scientific literature and 2)shows how your work integrates with others • Bibliography is a list of all the sources that you have consulted but not cited while working on your document. • Usually we only have one or the other but if you have both then remember: citations must be in references only. • They must be placed at the end of the document immediately before any appendices

  6. The two main systems • Cross referencing is what we insert in the body of the text in order to identify the full reference (of the citation) in the list of references • The author – date (Harvard) system • In the text: surname of the author and the year of publication both in parentheses separated by a comma: • (Grondoudis, 1994) • In the references: list of A-Z of authors' surnames • The numerical system • In the text: each citation is given a unique number in the order in which they appear in the text; it could be in square brackets [4] or as a superscript 4. • Multiple citations: use the same unique number of the first citation • In the references: list of 1-to-n of the unique numbers used in text

  7. Choosing between systems • Depends on what you are writing for • Journals always specify the system they want you to use • Stuff members (instructors) usually have a preference (just ask) • Do not use both in the same document • Table 14.2 from our textbook mentions • Harvard • Pros: recognising the source; make it easy for individuals familiar with the literature; alphabetical list at the end; late additions are easy • Cons: many citations can make the text look awkward • Numerical • Pros: no text interruption by wordy citations; only need to repeat a number • Cons: readers familiar with the literature find it difficult to recognise citations; late additions are difficult (especially when inserting); repeating numbers can be difficult (to follow)

  8. Harvard examples & what ifs? • Single author • ..another approach by (Manuel, 1998) who also… • .. Manuel (1998) suggested an alternative approach and also… • 2 authors • …similar finding are reported in (Manuel and Rhino, 2000) • 2+ authors • …similar findings were reported by (Manuel et al., 2001) • several papers • …this view is also supported by the respective community (Manuel, 2002; Rhino and Ridges 2002; Zen et al. 2002) who further… • Order them either by year or by surnames • same author, multiple papers, different years • …active research (Zen 2002, 2003) suggests… • same author, multiple papers, same year • …active research in the field (Zen, 2001 a, b) • Unable to obtain original by seen a citation • …a view shared by (Kefalas, 2003) as cited by (Faith et al., 2004) • Same surname (different authors), same year • ..argued in (Kefalas, A., 2003) and (Kefalas, V., 2004) • Personal communication (just a couple, no need to include in references) • Sample values included (H.C. Ming, pers. comm.) • Please note: None of this is required in the numeric system

  9. Compiling a list of references • Made of anything that you have cited in the text of your document • Placed at the end of the document, just before appendices • Harvard: list alphabetical by surname • Numeric: sequentially numbered in the order they appear in the text. • Points to note: • List is there to allow for information retrieval • There are minor variations in the format of listing • There are standard abbreviations in journals • Ensure consistency, every full stop and comma must be in the right place. Assessors often check this area very thoroughly.

  10. List of types of sources

  11. Electronic references • Examples: • A WWW page; a paper from online conference proceedings; an online journal article; database abstracts; a personal email; a discussions list • Please see the textbook for example on any of the above • A web page • Author (if authored) • The title • Date of construction of the material (in brackets) • [Online] • Available: followed by the URL • The date you access it (in square brackets []) • An example • Grondoudis | EUC (2012 – last updated), [Online], Available: http://faculty.euc.ac.cy/agrondoudis, [2013, June 2]

  12. Direct quotations & Bibliography • Direct quotations • Used very rarely in technical documents • Enclose a few words in double quotes • Compiling a bibliography • Each listed citation is formatted as for a list of references (see before) • The items are listing in alphabetical order • The list is not numbered • It is common practice to indent each line after the first

  13. Common mistakes • Severe faults (assessors will reject for these) • Citing a reference in the text and leaving out in the list of references (or visa-versa) • The date of the citation does not match the date of the entry in the list of references • In the list of references • Inconsistencies in formatting • Using non-standard abbreviation in a journal entry • Insufficient details given • Not inverting the autho and initials order • Good: Grondoudis, A., • Bad: A., Grondoudis, • Unobtainable references • Incorrect volume and page numbers.

  14. Referencing summary • What is referencing and why use it? • References vs. Bibliography • The two main systems (Harvard & Numeric) • Compiling a list of references • Electronic references • Direct quotations and Bibliography • Common mistakes

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