The Civil War Chapter 21

1. The Civil War Chapter 21 • Crittenden Compromise- a failed attempt in Congress which proposed extending the MO Compromise Line all the way to the Pacific. • Lincoln was willing to support slavery where it already existed but he opposed its spread. • The South confiscated almost every federal fort, mint, and arsenal within its borders.

2. Questions about a split U.S. • What about allocation of federal territories? • What about the Monroe Doctrine? • European nations loved the idea of a split U.S. because it would be weaker.

3. Fort Sumpter • Fort Sumpter- in Charleston S.C. • Lincoln decided to re-supply it right on schedule. Since the South had it surrounded they would have to fire the first shot of the war or let the North re-supply the fort. • April 12, 1861: the South fires nonstop for 34 hours (and the only thing dead was a mule) and makes the Union surrender the fort.

4. A Call to Arms • Lincoln asks northern governors to supply 75,000 troops for 3 month enlistments. • VA, AR, TN, and N.C. then seceded (since Lincoln called troops to arms)....West Virginia remained loyal to the union and became a state in 1863.

5. North 22 million people 85% of U.S. factories most railroads more $ a decent navy 2.5 million men in Union army by war’s end South 9 million people / 3.5 slaves 15% of U.S. factories fighting a defensive war little $ and banking a puny navy popular support of secession better military leadership 750,000 men in army Comparison

6. Union Strategy 1. Capture Richmond 2. Gain control of the Mississippi River 3. Blockade Southern ports Southern Strategy 1. Capture Washington D.C. and drive North 2. Gain European allies Strategies

7. Bull Run • July 1862 - General McDowell sent to Richmond with 35,000 troops which turned into the Battle of First Bull Run (Manassas in the South) • CSA led by Gen Joseph Johnston • The Confederates could have taken Washington D.C. but were too disorganized. • A complete route of the North, but the battle showed that the War would not be short. • Stonewall Jackson earns his nickname for the South.

8. The War in the Western Theater • Shiloh - April 1862. • General Grant was sent to take 2 forts guarding the Cumberland and Tennessee rivers. • After losing early in the battle, Grant rallies his troops and wins the battle. • 13,000 Union casualties vs, 10,000 Confederate. • General Johnston dies (a huge Confederate setback) • His clothes were tattered by several grazing bullets and the heel of his boot was shot off. One bullet hit him in the back of the leg. He would have easily been saved with a tourniquet, but he had earlier sent his surgeon off to attend to wounded union soldiers! • Shows how bloody the war will be. • Shiloh is Hebrew for “place of peace.”

10. The Western Theater • April 1862, the Union takes New Orleans, under the command of David G. Farragut, but the North needs the whole river. • Shiloh was also a Union Victory in Tennessee in April, 1862. • Grant takes Vicksburg after laying siege to it for 6 weeks. • It finally falls on July 4, 1863 http://www.civilwarhome.com/battleofvicksburg.htm

12. Iron Clads • A new concept in naval warfare. • Grant used 4 ironclads when he took forts Henry and Donelson on the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers. • The Monitor (North) vs. the Merrimack (South) • The battle ended in a draw but showed that the days of wooden ships was ending.

14. This scene never really happened, but is a pretty realistic recreation of ironclad warfare.

15. The War for Capitols • Washington and Richmond are only 70 miles apart. • The Union General McClellan was extremely cautious even though he had the advantage. • Lincoln commented that “he would like to borrow McClellan’s army if he wasn’t going to use it.” • The South did great at bluffing that they had more men than they actually had.

16. Lincoln asked Robert E. Lee to lead his troops (Lee personally opposed slavery and secession but couldn’t fight his home state of Virginia). • 1862: Conscription law adopted in the Confederacy. • 1863: Conscription went into effect in the North. (Draft Riots followed).

17. Peninsula Campaign • April 1862 • McClellan moves on Richmond but is very hesitant. • 100,000 Union troops vs. 13,000 Confederate • McClellan called for pontoon boats to transport troops and supplies. But the pontoons are 6 inches too wide to fit through the locks on the Potomac River, so the North loses the advantage of speed and surprise.

18. Peninsula Campaign • The South faked the North into believing that they had a huge army. • McClellan lays siege to Yorktown, VA instead of bypassing it and heading straight for Richmond. • McClellan asks for reinforcements (160,000) which he really didn’t need. • Stonewall Jackson moves from Richmond to the Shenandoah Valley, then close to Washington D.C. • This makes McClellan nervous so the North pulls back from the Peninsula to defend D.C.

19. 7 Days Campaign • The Union assumes that the South is defending their capital too, but they weren’t. This was a huge bluff that paid off for the South. • These events were known as the 7 Days Campaign - 16,000 Union Casualties vs. 20,000 Confed but the Union retreats out of the South.

20. Antietam • Lee is now in charge for the South • A Confederate move North to encourage European allies to help the South. • 13,000 Union Casualties vs. 12,000 Confed. • The bloodiest and deadliest one day of war in American History. • General McClellan is fired for being too cautious. • Ambrose Burnside is the new General for the North.

21. The Politics of War • Britain bought massive amounts of Southern Cotton. • In 1861, the South tried to get Britain to recognize the CSA as an independent nation. • Britain announces Neutrality in the Civil War and buys its cotton from Egypt and India (2 British colonies…..Britain also stockpiled huge supplies of cotton before the war).

22. Lincoln’s view of slavery • Lincoln disliked slavery but did not think that he had the power to destroy slavery where it already existed. • But as commander in chief he knew that slave labor was a big part of the Confederate military so…… • The Union goal switched from preserving the Union to ending slavery. • 1862 : allowed negroes to serve in the army.

23. Emancipation Proclamation • Jan 1, 1863. • Freed slaves only in rebelling states. • African Americans still discriminated against in the army in terms of rank and pay.

24. Emancipation Proclamation • Northern soldiers and workers were discouraged by the thought of fighting a war to free 3.5 million slaves who would move North and take jobs from them. • Copperheads- Northern Democrats who sympathized with the South. • After the Emancipation Proc, the issue of slavery was beyond compromise and the South fought all out to preserve their “peculiar institution.”

25. Habeas Corpus • Lincoln suspends this constitutional guarantee which is a court order that requires authorities to bring a person held in jail before the court to determine why he or she is being jailed. • Lincoln used this strategy to arrest more than 13,000 suspected Confederate sympathizers. • The Supreme Court ruled this unconstitutional but Lincoln ignored its ruling (remember that most of the S.C. justices were southerners and pro-slavery).

26. Draft Riots • Many northern poor people did not want to fight a war to free slaves. • The Union enacted its draft in 1863 but $300 would get you out. • Rioters targeted the well to do and blacks. • Irish immigrants were especially angry.

27. Life During WartimeDesperate times for the South • The war effort and Northern blockade caused severe food shortages in the South. • Riots were common. • Food prices averaged under $7/month for a Southern family before the war and & $68/month by 1863. • Meat, corn, and rice became luxuries • The Southern labor force was out fighting the war. • Many slaves had been freed or had run away. • Many agricultural areas in the South were either occupied or destroyed.

28. Northern Economy • The Northern economy boomed during the war as the army bought many manufactured goods (clothing, guns, shoes, etc). • The North responded to the labor shortage by modernizing. Ex: western farmers bought more reapers. • The Nation’s first Income Tax was passed in 1863 to help finance the war effort.

29. Prisons • P.O.W. camps were awful and many died of disease, malnutrition, or starvation. • Andersonville: a Confederate prison in GA where 33,000 men were crammed into 26 acres (about the size of our school campus). • Primitive tents were all the shelter they had. • Their sewer and drinking water were the same stream. • The North refused prisoner exchanges when the South refused to include blacks in them….so Confederate p.o.w. camps became more crowded. • 15% died in Confed prisons while 12% died in Northern prisons.

30. The North Takes Charge • Fredericksburg- December 1862 • 114,000 Union vs. 75,000 Confederate • The Confederates held the high ground and pummeled the North. • Acquiring and assembling pontoon bridges slowed the North. • Burnside replaced by Joe Hooker

32. Wilderness Campaign • April 1863 • Hooker splits his army into 3 parts to outflank the South. • Lee responds by splitting his army into 3 and outflanking the North and forcing a Union retreat.

33. Chancellorsville • A Confederate victory, but they lose General Stonewall Jackson. • Union morale is at an all-time low. • Lee decides to move the War North, spare Virginia and live off the North. • Lee takes 75,000 men into PA. • Hooker is replaced by General George Meade.

34. Gettysburg • Confederates raid Gettysburg to get shoes. • The bigger plan was for the Confeds to move into the Union and live off the North and avoid further destruction of the South. • Lee also hoped that the advance into the North would take pressure off of Vicksburg. (which surrendered the next day) • A 3 day battle in early July 1863 in Southern PA. • The two armies literally stumbled upon each other. • Casualties: 23,000 Union vs. 28,000 Confederate. • Gettysburg was the turning point of the War • General Grant took Vicksburg, MS and the Union took control of the entire Mississippi River the day after the Union victory at Gettysburg.

38. The Gettysburg Address • November 1863 to dedicate the cemetery to the dead of the previous summer. • Edward Everett delivered a 2 hour speech. • Lincoln’s speech lasted barely 2 minutes.

39. Ulysses S. Grant • Lincoln appoints Grant, hero of the Western Theater as commander of all Union forces in 1864. • Lincoln loved Grant because he fought! • Grant appoint William T. Sherman as commander of the military division of the Mississippi.

40. Grant knew that he could sustain twice as many casualties as the south and keep fighting (and he did). • War of Attrition - run the South out of men, supplies, will. • Chancellorsville, Spotsylvania - each side has huge losses. • 1864

41. General Sherman • Commanded the Tennessee army (for the Union). • Moved 100,000 troops from Tennessee to Atlanta in September, 1864. • The fall of Atlanta gave Lincoln’s Presidential campaign a boost against McClellan who was a Democrat.

42. Sherman’s March to the Sea • Atlanta to Savannah • A swath 60 miles wide for 300 miles. • Total war- complete destruction of the South and destroy their will to fight. • The Union got re-supplied when they reach the coast, then moved North.

43. Sherman’s Neckties

44. Sherman’s neckties

45. Election of 1864 • Lincoln wins over Democrat George McClellan who ran on a platform of immediate secession. • To attract Democrats the Republicans changed their name to the National Union Party and nominated Andrew Johnson, a TN pro-Union Democrat as his V.P. • Recent military victories really helped Lincoln win.

46. Surrender • April 2, 1865 - Richmond falls to the North. • Lee surrenders at Appomattox Courthouse with only 30,000 men on April 9, 1865. • Lee seriously considered a suicide charge to avoid the humiliation of surrender. • Confederate officers could keep side-arms • Confederate soldiers could keep horses and mules. They were fed and sent home. • April 26, 1865: General Joseph Johnston surrenders to Sherman.

47. The Legacy of the War • The war increased the federal government’s power. • The Northern economy was booming after the war and the South was completely devastated. • Their labor force was now freed. • The War wiped out most Southern industry. • 40% of Southern livestock was destroyed. • Railroads were destroyed • Thousands of acres of farmland were ruined.

48. Statistics • Cost the Union $2.3 billion. • Cost the South $1 billion. • Union inflation peaked @ 182 % in 1864. • Southern inflation peaked @ 7,000%. • The Union suffered 360,000 casualties vs. 260,000 for the South. • 1/3 of all soldiers ended up dead, wounded or a P.O.W. • The Cost of the 4 year war was $3.3 billion – a figure that doubled what the nation spent in the previous 80 years combined.

49. 13th Amendment • “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted shall exist within the U.S.” • By the end of 1865, 27 states, including 8 from the south had ratified it.

50. Matthew Brady • Documented the Civil War through photography. • A relatively new invention. • Showed how real the war was.