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Characteristics of Organic Compounds

Characteristics of Organic Compounds. 1. Generally non-polar (generally insoluble in water) 2. Soluble in non-polar solvents (likes dissolve in likes ) 3. Non-electrolytes 4. Reactions generally occur slowly 5. Have low melting points due to weak intermolecular forces

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Characteristics of Organic Compounds

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  1. Characteristics of Organic Compounds 1. Generallynon-polar (generally insoluble in water) 2. Soluble in non-polar solvents (likes dissolve in likes ) 3. Non-electrolytes 4. Reactions generally occur slowly 5. Have low melting points due to weak intermolecular forces 6. Reactions have high activation energy, and therefore lower reactions

  2. Hydrocarbons • Definition - compounds composed of only hydrogen and carbon • Homologous series - group of organic compounds with similar properties and related structures (differ from each other by CH2)

  3. Alkanes • Hydrocarbons with the formula CnH2n+2 (Table Q) • All alkanes end in “ANE”. • Example: methane, ethane, propane • All alkanes have all SINGLE bonds and are saturated hydrocarbons.

  4. Alkyl Group (side chains) • Alkyl structures have one less hydrogen than the corresponding alkane.

  5. Isomers • Organic compounds that have the same molecular formula, but different structural formula. • The more carbons in the structure, the more isomer variations that are possible. Butane 2-methylpropane

  6. Alkenes • Hydrocarbons with the formula CnH2n (Table Q) • All alkenes end in “ENE”. • Example: ethene, propene • All alkenes have at least one DOUBLE bond (C=C) and are considered unsaturated hydrocarbons.

  7. Alkynes • Hydrocarbons with the formula CnH2n-2 (Table Q) • All alkenes end in “YNE”. • Example: ethyne, propyne • All alkynes have at least one TRIPLE bond (CΞC) and are also considered unsaturated hydrocarbons.

  8. Functional Groups(Table R) • Not all organic compounds are hydrocarbons!! • Different functional groups cause compounds to have different physical and chemical properties!!

  9. Functional Groups:Physical Properties Boiling Point/Melting Point • The greater the # of carbons in carbon chain, the higher the boiling point/melting point! • If compounds have the same # of carbons: Highest BP/MPLowest BP/MP *Alcohols Ethers Hydrocarbons *Acids Amines Aldehydes Ketones

  10. Organic Reactions • Reactions that involve organic compounds. • There are seven (7) reactions we will discuss: • Substitution (alkane) • Addition (alkene/alkyn) • Combustion (carbon comp. + O2 H2O + CO2) • Fermentation • Esterfication (organic acid + alcohol) • Saponification (opp. of esterfication – soap) • Polymerization (many small  1 big)

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