Understanding Organic Compounds and Essential Terminology

1. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Unit 1

2. In history, • Invisible vital energy make up living organisms (organic) • Inorganic was used to describe matter that did not come from living things • After experimentations and synthesizing compounds, scientists realized that all matter are not fundamentally different from each other

3. Why Carbon? • 4 valence e-, thus, form 4 bonds • Intermediate electronegativity • Bonding with different atoms allow for a variety of molecules with specific structures and properties • Form different shapes of molecules depending on atom combination

4. Terms • Organic – compounds in which carbon are nearly always bonded to each other, to hydrogen and to a specific few other atoms • Inorganic – compound that includes carbonates, cyanides, carbides and oxides of carbon and all others that do not contain carbon

5. Isomers – molecules that have the same molecular formula but different arrangement • Stereoisomers – molecules with the same molecular formula and atoms are bonded in same sequence but differ in 3D orientation of atoms in space

6. Diastereomers – stereoisomer bases on a double bond where different types of atoms/groups are bonded to each carbon in the double bond • Enantiomers – stereoisomer in which molecules are mirror images of each other around a single carbon atom bonded to 4 different types of atoms/groups

7. Hydrocarbons – compounds that contain only carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms • Saturated hydrocarbon – contains only single bonds • Homologous series – series of molecules in which each member differs from the next by an additional specific structural unit

8. Substituent group – atom or group of atoms substituted in place of hydrogen on the parent chain of an organic compound • Alkane – hydrocarbon molecule where carbon atoms are joined by single covalent bonds • Alkene – hydrocarbon molecule where carbon atoms are joined by double covalent bonds

9. Alkyne – hydrocarbon molecule where carbon atoms are joined by triple bonds • Alkyl group/radical – a side group that is based on an alkane • Aliphatic hydrocarbons – compound containing only carbon and hydrogen in which carbon atoms form straight chains and/or non-aromatic rings

10. Aromatic hydrocarbons – contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms and based on aromatic benzene ring • Benzene – cyclic, aromatic hydrocarbon, C6H6, in which all C-C bonds are intermediate in length between a single and double bond and delocalized e- are shared by all 6 C atoms

11. Cyclic hydrocarbon – aliphatic compound that forms a ring (not benzene) • Phenyl group – term for benzene ring that forms a substituent group on a hydrocarbon chain

12. Copy Table 1.2 on page 17