Organic Compounds

1. Organic Compounds • Carbon containing compounds • made by living things • more than 2 million compounds Monomers- small compounds that can be joined together to form polymers Polymers - large compounds formed by monomers Macromolecules- a polymer with a high molecular mass. 4 main groups: I. carbohydrates II. Proteins III. Lipids IV. nucleic acids Biological macromolecules- a group of biomacromolecuels that interact with biological systems and their environments

2. Polymerization = process by which large compounds are constructed by joining smaller compounds Dehydration synthesis = chemical reaction that involves a loss of a water molecule -occurs when two simple sugars are joined together Hydrolysis = chemical reaction that involves adding a water molecule - breaks down the polysaccharides into simple sugars

3. Carbon -6 total electrons- 4 valence -can share electrons with other (covalent bonds) -forms 4 bonds: bonds can be: - single (sharing only 1 electron), - double (sharing 2 electrons) - triple (sharing 3 electrons) -small size; can fit comfortably as part of very large molecules -can form straight chains, branched chains, or rings Isomers- molecules made of the same components, but a different geometric arrangement. =different properties http://www.visionlearning.com/library/module_viewer.php?mid=60

4. *used for energy *Formula: C6H12O6 I. Carbohydrates • Often called sugars and starches • Provides and stores energy • Ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is about 2:1 , or 1C:2H:1O Monosaccharides = simple sugars Ex: Glucose (green plant sugar), Galactose (found in milk), Fructose (found in fruits) Disaccharide = double sugar Ex: Sucrose (table sugar), Maltose (malt sugar), Lactose (milk sugar) • Usually enters the body in this form • Formula: C12H22O11

5. Polysaccharides = many sugars [C6H10O5] n (n = number of sugars in the chain) • used to store excess sugar • Plants store it in the form of starch • -- comprises about half of all carbohydrate consumption in humans • ex) potatoes and grains • Animals store it in the form of glycogen in the liver and muscle • -- often a quick source of energy Ex: starch, glycogen and cellulose function: contains energy Cellulose = most abundant polysaccharide on earth. -- provides support and protection for plants -- not broken down by most animals

6. Monosaccharide (2 different arrangments, same formula) Polysaccharides

7. II. Proteins • Basic building materials of all living things • Made up of C,H, O,N • muscle, hair, egg whites, skin • helps carry out chemical reactions, pump small molecules in and out of the cell, responsible for cell movement • Formed by long chains of amino acids • Amino acids contain an amino group (-NH2) and a carboxyl group (-COOH) • (20 different amino acids in the body) (ex: Serine, Tyrosine, Proline, Alanine) Peptide bonds = covalent bond that joins 2 amino acids together -- a water molecule is lost in the bonding. Ex. of polymer (peptides or proteins): dipeptides, enzymes Enzymes = Proteins that act as a catalyst

8. Amino Acid Protein

9. Catalyst = a substance that speeds up or slows down a chemical reaction but is not changed itself • Can speed a reaction by 1010 (without it, it could take 1500 yrs to run a reaction that takes only 15 secs. • Not used up; is recycled in the body • A simple cell may have as many as 2000 different enzymes • Important in regulating chemical pathways, synthesizing materials, releasing energy, • involved in digestion, respiration, reproduction, vision, movement, thought, and making new enzymes • Very specific in their reactions --> Lock-n-key Coenzyme = non protein molecule that acts like an enzyme -many vitamins act as coenzymes

10. III. Lipids • Waxes, oils, and fats • Insoluble in water • Used to store energy, form biological membranes, and some are used as chemical messengers • Helps regulate what enters and leaves the cell • Produces more energy than carbohydrates • Ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is much greater than 2:1 • Monomer: fatty acids and glycerol • Ex: oleic acid, palmitic acid (produced by liver), linolenic acid (essential) • Saturated= contains the maximum number of hydrogen atoms • commonly found in meats and most dairy products, also found in chips and candy • increases the level of cholesterol • Unsaturated= bonds can be broken, does not contain the maximum number of • hydrogen atoms • tend to be liquid at room temp • found in many cooking oils • believed to help lower cholesterol • Sterols= plays an important role in building cells and carrying messages from one part of the body to the next. • most common is cholesterol • Phospholipids= one part dissolves well in water and the other part does not • form balloon-like structures called liposomes which forms the cell membrane

11. Steroid

12. IV. Nucleic Acid • Made up of C, H, O, N, P • Contain a carbon sugar ring and a phoshate backbone (contais phosphorous and oxygen), as well as a nitrogenous base (nitrogen ring containing structure). • Use: Stores and transmits genetic information • Nucleic acids are made up of units called nucleotides (ex: adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine) • Nucleic acids contain a 5 carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base • 2 Types • Ribonucleic Acid = RNA • Deoxyribonucleic Acid = DNA- a biological macromolecule that encodes the genetic information for living organisms and is capable of self-replication and the synthesis of RNA.

13. A sugar nitrogenous bases nucleoside + 2 or 3 phosphates = nucleotide nucleoside