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An Approach to Instructional Design. Three Purposes of the Instructional Design Process Stages of Instructional Design Writing Performance Objectives. Three Purposes of the Instructional Design Process. To identify the outcomes of the instruction
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Three Purposes of the Instructional DesignProcess • Stages of Instructional Design • Writing Performance Objectives
Three Purposes of the Instructional Design Process • To identify theoutcomes of the instruction • To guide the developing the instructional content (scope and sequence) • To establish how instructional effectiveness will be evaluated.
Stages of Instructional Design Derived from Gagné, R. M., Briggs, L. J., & Wager, W. W. (1992). Principles of Instructional Design (4th ed.). Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers.
Stage 1:Define instructional goals • A goal may be defined as a general statement of desired accomplishment. It does not specify exactly all of the components or steps or how each step will be achieved on the road to accomplishing the goal. Example Goals: (1) Students will master the basic of bookkeeping. (2) Students will understand the ratio analysis.
Stage 2:Conduct an instructional analysis • Identify what learning steps will be involved in reaching the goal. This is done through a task analysis, which identifies each step and the skills needed in order to complete that step, and an information processing analysis, which identifies the mental operations the learner needs to employ in performing that skill.
Stage 2:Conduct an instructional analysis • The task analysis is performed by asking "What are all of the things the student must know and/or be able to do to achieve the goal?"
Stage 3:Identify entry behaviors/learner characteristics • Having determined via the instructional analysis which steps and skills the learner must accomplish, it is now necessary to identify the knowledge and skill level that the learner possesses at the outset.
Stage 3:Identify entry behaviors/learner characteristics • Although there may be pronounced differences from learner to learner in in their knowledge and skill levels, the instruction must be targeted as much as possible to the level of the learners' needs.
Stage 4:Develop performance objectives • At this stage, it is necessary to translate the needs and goals into objectives that are sufficiently specific to guide the instructor in teaching and the learner in studying. In addition, these objectives form the blueprint for testing as a means of evaluating both the instruction and the learning that has occurred.
Stage 4:Develop performance objectives • Example: The student will be able to explain the role of the Product Life Cycle in a New Product Development Project.
Stage 5:Select an instructional method • The purpose of selecting an instructional method is to identify and employ teaching strategies and techniques that most effectively achieve the performance objectives.
Stage 5:Select an instructional method • Current educational theory and research support the use of instructional methods that make students active learners (e.g., lecture, lab, small group discussion, case-based study, simulations, independent study, etc.).
Stage 6:Assemble instructional material • Once the instructional methodologies have been identified for each objective or unit of content, it is important to assemble the necessary instructional materials. The materials may be in various forms: print, computer, audio, audio-video, etc.
Stage 6:Assemble instructional material • Although the necessary instructional materials may already exist, they may need improvement or revision. For example, slides that have been used in the past but that have been problematic, need to be modified.
Stage 6:Assemble instructional material • The danger of settling on preexisting instructional materials is that some instructors may allow the materials to determine the direction of the instruction rather than vice versa.
Stage 6:Assemble instructional material • Currently, more instructors are using the Web as a way of making didactic information available to students, rather than using lectures or transcripts.
Stage 7:Plan and conduct formative evaluation • Formative evaluation, evaluation that occurs from feedback while the instruction is in progress, provides data for revising and improving the instructional materials that were used and those that are yet to be used. It is important to remember that sometimes the plans that look so good on paper actually fail in practice.
Stage 7:Plan and conduct formative evaluation • When possible, test instructional materials with one or a small group of students to determine how students use the materials, how much assistance they need, etc. Considering the teaching methods implemented and the course materials provided, are students learning what they should be?
Stage 8:Plan and conduct summative evaluation • Summative evaluation, evaluation that occurs at the end of the instructional effort (unit, course, etc.), provides data on the effectiveness of the instructional effort as a whole.
Stage 8:Plan and conduct summative evaluation • This is the evaluation that provides information on how the whole instructional unit enabled the learner to achieve the objectives that were established at the outset.
Writing Performance Objectives Taken from Kibler, R.J., & Bassett, R.E. (1977). Writing performance objectives. In Briggs, L.J. (ed.), Instructional design (pp. 49 - 95). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications. • It is important to distinguish between instructional goals and instructional objectives. Instructional goals are usually expressed in non-behavioral terms and are generally a more expansive vision than objectives.
Writing Performance Objectives • Objectives, on the other hand, are expressed in behavioral terms and are usually short-range outcomes. • An objective is a description of a desired pattern of behavior for the learner to demonstrate. Despite the different approaches to writing performance objectives, most models include the following three components:
Writing Performance Objectives • Action Identify the action the learner will be taking when he/she has achieved the objective (e.g., to identify; to measure).
Writing Performance Objectives • Relevant ConditionsDescribe the relevant conditions under which the learner will be acting (e.g., "given prior knowledge"; "with the use of research outcomes").
Writing Performance Objectives • Performance StandardList as many of the actual conditions as possible under which the objective is to be performed (e.g., "must be able to identify at least one possible opportunity to exploit in the strategy formulation process.
