The Protestant Reformation Spreads

1. The Protestant Reformation Spreads • Eek! The Reformation Spreads and Some Lose Their Heads!

2. The Time: 1500s The Result: Years of bloody religious wars, revolutions, and the beginnings of modern nation states. The Protestant Reformation Spreads

3. And so it spreads.... The Holy Roman Empire (Germany)

4. The Protestant Reformation Spreads

5. What happens to Luther? The Protestant Reformation Spreads • Luther is excommunicated in 1521 • Summoned before the imperial diet at Worms to appear before the newly-elected Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V • What was Luther asked to do? How did he respond? • Edict of Worms. • What is it?

6. Religious War # 1 Religious Wars in Holy Roman Empire (Germany) 1520s -1555 300,000 revolt 100,000 die

7. Religious War # 1 300,000 revolt 100,000 die The Protestant Reformation Spreads German Peasants Revolt! Peasants in Germany revolted in 1524 and looked to Luther for support. Why did they revolt? How did Lutheranism contribute to their revolt? What did Luther do? Why? economic burdens, taxes nobles & wealthy princes were also rebelling against established Church power He took the middle road- supported revolt against church but didn’t support complete freedoms for peasants

8. Politics in Germany during the Reformation The Protestant Reformation Spreads • “Germany” was a loosely affiliated group of Principalities, free imperial cities, and ecclesiastical (church based) principalities. • All pledged loyalty to the Holy Roman Emperor, whom they elected, • States had gained a great deal of independence from the Emperor and they wanted to keep it. • How did this contribute to adoption of Lutheranism by Princes? Lutheranism, which preached separation from the church and keeping all the tithe money in Germany itself, made “breaking away” very attractive

9. Charles V: King of Germany, Spain, and more The Protestant Reformation Spreads • Charles V (Hapsburg) was heir to the Spanish throne (as Charles I) • He ruled over a far-flung empire. 4 million square miles! • Spain and its possessions, • Hapsburg territories of Austria, Hungary, Bohemia and the Low Countries. • Also, selected as the Holy Roman Emperor, which had traditionally gone to the Hapsburgs. • New world of the Incan and Aztec empires • He wanted to stamp out Lutheranism and exert stronger control over the princes, but he had other problems.

10. The Protestant Reformation Spreads 1 of 3 Peace Treaties you have to know

11. The Protestant Reformation Spreads By the time Charles V was able to bring military forces to Germany Lutheranism had taken hold and princes were unified and organized. Forced to enter into the Peace of Augsburg 1555 Terms? Allowed German princes to select either Lutheranism or Catholicism within the domains they controlled, ultimately reaffirming the independence they had over their states. Subjects who did not wish to conform to the prince's choice were given a period in which they were free to migrate to different regions in which their desired religion had been accepted. Did it create religious tolerance? Consequences for Lutheranism? spreads widely; threatens the Pope’s power and the Catholic Church some but not much

12. And so it spreads.... Switzerland

13. A civil war in Switzerland based on religious differences

14. Zwinglianism New flavors of Protestantism emerged in Europe. Switzerland was the heart of two other movements.Zwinglianism- another Protestant religion but it differs from Lutheranism in some doctrine. Founded by Ulrich Zwingli. Starting in 1518 he preached in Zurich. Zwingli is killed and Zwinglianism is defeated in Swiss civil war in 1531between Catholic and Protestant states.

15. Calvinism After the death Zwingli, protestant leadership in Switzerland passed to John Calvin.1536 Institutes of Christian Religion puts him at the forefront of Protestantism.Similarities and differences with Lutheranism?Predestinationthe elect vs. the reprobates Predestination means that God in an had determined in advance who would be saved (the elect) and who would be damned (the reprobate).

16. 1536 Calvin creates a Calvinist theocracy in Geneva, Switzerland He set up a court (Consistory) to oversee the moral life and doctrinal purity of people of Geneva, Switzerland Calvinism He set up a court to oversee the moral life and doctrinal purity of Genevans. SINNER!

17. Calvinism Became a relatively militant and unforgiving doctrine. American Puritans were Calvinists. He set up a court to oversee the moral life and doctrinal purity of Genevans. phillips.blogs.com

18. Calvinism Calvin’s success in Geneva made it a powerful center of Protestantism. John Knox, spreads Calvinism to Scotland. Presbyterian Church. Spreads to France—Huguenots. Netherlands and eastern Europe. By the mid-16th century Calvinism had replaced Lutheranism as the militant form of Protestantism. He set up a court to oversee the moral life and doctrinal purity of Genevans.

19. And so it spreads....

21. And so it spreads.... France

22. Religious War # 2Civil Wars of Francemid 1550-1600 somewhere between 30,000 and 700,000 die

23. Calvinists Protestants in France are called Huguenots.

24. The French Wars of Religion (1562-1598) • French Civil Wars had two intertwined causes: Religion and struggle between crown and nobles. • Fight between the Catholic majority and the Huguenot (Calvinist) minority. • Battle between the ruling Valois vs Bourbon house and the nobles over how much power the monarchy would have. • Huguenots came from all layers of society including the nobility. • Proportion of Huguenots among the nobility was much higher than in the population as a whole.

25. The French Wars of Religion (1562-1598) Why were so many nobles Huguenots? House of Bourbon became Huguenots. Next to the Valois in the royal line of succession. Rules the southern France The Valois monarchy is staunchly Catholic. Because it has control of the church, it has little incentive to give Protestants a break

26. andrewhongnsw.spaces.live.com

27. St. Bartholomew Day’s Massacre St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, 8/24/1572 5000 to 30,000 dead. Massacre took place six days after the wedding of the king's sister Margaret to the Protestant Henry III of Navarre (the future Henry IV of France). This marriage was an occasion for which many of the most wealthy and prominent Huguenots had gathered in largely Catholic Paris. freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com

28. France • In 1589 Henry of Navarre succeeds to the crown • He is from House of Bourbon and leader of the Huguenots • What does he do to get the nation to accept him and end the Civil War? • he converts to Catholicism

29. The Protestant Reformation Spreads 2 of 3 Peace Treaties you have to know What was the first treaty you need to know? Holy Roman Empire- Peace of Ausberg - 1555

30. France • Edict of Nantes (1598)— • Catholicism is the official religion of France • Huguenots guaranteed freedom of worship and right to all political privileges. • Huguenots have the right to fortify their castles and towns. Later, the Edict of Nantes is revoked (taken back) and many Huguenots flee the country

31. And so it spreads.... Europe in General...the Anabaptists (Mennonites)

32. Dutch persecution of Anabaptists (Mennonites)

33. the Anabaptists Based on New Testament accounts of early Christianity, Anabaptists considered all believers equal. Any member of the community could be a minister because all Christians were considered priests. Women were often excluded from the ministry, however.

34. the Anabaptists Anabaptists believed in the complete separation of church and state. Anabaptists would not hold office or bear arms. They took literally the biblical commandment to not kill. Their political and religious beliefs caused Anabaptists to be branded dangerous radicals.

35. the Anabaptists Protestants and Catholics agreed on the need to persecute Anabaptists. Anabaptist catcher The metal cattle catcher was called an Anabaptist Catcher. The Anabaptist, meaning second baptism, was used by the state churches to describe those who believed in adult baptism. Today, the term is accepted by these very groups.

36. And so it spreads.... Spain under Phillip II

37. Spain (under Phillip II) • Charles V - ruler of HRE - abdicates in 1556. • Phillip II --son of Charles V takes over • the throne • He divided his empire between his younger brother Ferdinand, who gets Holy Roman Empire and Austria and his son Phillip, who gets Spain, Netherlands and New World possessions. • Phillip’s goals: • Strengthen the central monarchy in Spain • Strengthen power of Church and beat back Protestantism...

38. Spain (under Phillip II)

39. Spain (under Phillip II) and the Spanish Netherlands • Spanish Netherlands were very important to Spain. Why? • Phillip’s attempt to strengthen Spain’s control over the area led to revolt. Why? • Violence erupts in 1566 when Calvinists destroy Catholic Churches. • Phillip sends in 10,000 troops under the Duke of Alva • William of Orange fights for the Dutch • English Aid to Netherlands • 1609 truce ends the war • Core of modern Dutch Netherlands.

40. And so it spreads.... Back to Germany and other parts of Europe

41. More Social and Religious Upheaval in Europe • Between 1560 and 1650 Europe suffered economic and social crises as well as political upheaval. In addition to the religious turmoil and wars, other factors contributed: • Economy was hurting • Italy, which had been an economic hot-bed of trade during the renaissance period was eclipsed by Atlantic powers. • Spain’s fortunes declined. • Mini-ice age after middle of 1500s hurt agriculture, leading to dislocation of farmers and intermittent food shortages. • Results in leveling and even slight decline in the population of Europe after 150 years of growth following the period of the Black Death.

42. More Social and Religious Upheaval in Europe Witchcraft • Economic and social upheaval results in social tensions that manifest themselves in witchcraft craze. • Causes? • As many as 100,000 trials • Who was most frequently accused? Why?

43. Religious War # 3Thirty Years Wars1618-1648 estimated 11,500,000 die

44. Thirty Years War 1618-1648 • Last of the religious wars • Protestants (Lutheran and Calvinist) • vs • Catholics in HRE • also dynasty rivalry and balance of power. • The Calvinists weren’t mentioned in the Peace of Augsburg • King of Bohemia and the big pile of dung • Started in the Holy Roman Empire • Causes? • Protestant Union • Catholic League • Austrian Catholic Hapsburgs v. French Bourbons

45. Thirty Years War 1618-1648 • Austrian Catholic Hapsburgs v. French Protestant Bourbons

46. Thirty Years War 1618-1648 • Austrian Catholic Hapsburgs Hapsburg Lip - years of inbreeding among the Austrian Hungarian family Hapsburgs are THE dynasty in the Holy Roman Empire. They ALWAYS support the Catholic Church They are the most powerful family n Europe for many, many years

47. Thirty Years War 1618-1648 • French ruling family Bourbons- during the 30 years war THE man - the financial advisor to the French king Louis XIII during the Thirty Years War........ Cardinal Richelieu

48. Thirty Years War 1618-1648 Cardinal Richelieu He is considered to be the world's first Prime Minister, in the modern sense of the term. He sought to consolidate royal power and crush domestic factions. He limited the power of the nobility, he transformed France into a strong, centralized state. His chief foreign policy objective was to check the power of the Austro-Spanish Habsburg dynasty, and to ensure French dominance in the Thirty Years' War. Although he was a Catholic cardinal, he did not hesitate tomake alliances withProtestant rulers in attempting to achieve this goal. He changes the focus of the 30 Years War from religious to political

49. Thirty Years War 1618-1648 • This series of wars involved almost all of Europe • The armies completely denuded the land • Famine and disease were significant • War devastates Germany. • 1/3 of urban and 40% of rural population destroyed. • Economy ravaged

50. 3 of 3 Peace Treaties you have to know What was the first treaty you need to know? Holy Roman Empire- Peace of Ausberg - 1555 What was the second treaty you need to know? France- Edict of Nantes- 1598