The Protestant Reformation

1. The Protestant Reformation

2. Background to the Reformation • Popes competed with Italian princes for political power. • Like the princes, Popes led lavish lives • To finance the church and support the Popes the clergy sold indulgences • Indulgences could be bought from the church and would lessen the time the soul spends in purgatory.

3. Martin Luther: Catalyst of Change • In 1517 a German Monk, Martin Luther triggered a revolt against the Catholic Church.

4. Johann Tetzel • In 1517 Tetzel, who was a priest, set up a pulpit outside of Wittenberg, Germany and sold indulgences for the living and the dead. • Who cannot afford an indulgent and therefore cannot go to heaven?

5. Martin Luther Attacks.. • Martin Luther argues that indulgences have no basis on the Bible and that the Pope had no authority to release souls from purgatory. • Writes and distributes the 95 Theses, even nails a copy to the church doors.

6. In 1521, Pope Leo X excommunicates Luther • Charles V, the new Holy Roman Emperor calls Luther to the Diet (assembly of princes). • Charles V asked Luther to recant and he refused • Why did Luther refuse to retract his statements?

7. Lutheranism • Forbids indulgences, confessions, pilgrimages, and prayers to saints. • The bible is the only truth and people need to read and interpret it themselves. • 1530 Lutherans began to call themselves Protestants because they protested papal authority

8. The Peasant’s Revolt • Erupted in Germany as peasants demanded reform and an end to serfdom • The Peasant’s Revolt grew violent and Martin Luther denounced the revolt • Tens of thousands died

9. Peace of Augsburg • 1555 each prince was allowed to decided what religion-Catholic or Lutheran, their kingdom would be.

10. Calvinism • John Calvin was born in France and a well trained priest and lawyer • Calvin preached predestination • Calvin set up a Swiss city-state in Geneva, the government was made up of church leaders

11. Anabaptists • Reject infant baptisms • Sought radical change like abolishing private property • Baptists, Mennonites and Amish all trace their ancestry to the Anabaptists

12. Henry the VIII • Wanted an annulment because he had only one surviving daughter, Mary Tudor. • Henry the VIII wanted to marry a young noblewoman and have a male heir with her. • The Pope refused to grant the annulment • Henry VIII takes over the church of England and passes the Act of Supremacy. • Henry marries the noble woman and she has a daughter Elizabeth I.

14. Many English Catholics are opposed to the Act of Supremacy and are therefore beheaded, including Sir Thomas Moore. • Henry orders the Catholic convents and monasteries to close because they are “immoral”. He gives the land to his nobles. • 1547 Henry Dies, leaves the throne to 9yr old Edward VI, he dies in his teens.

15. Mary Tudor • Determined to return England to the catholic faith • Mary dies in 1558, the throne goes to Elizabeth I

16. Elizabeth I • Elizabethan Settlement- a series of reforms in England • Restored The Book of Common Prayer • Her practices were the common ground between Protestants and Catholics • She returned England to mostly Protestant beliefs.

17. The Catholic Reformation • 1530’s Pope Paul III sets out to revive the Catholic faith in Europe and end corruption in the papacy

18. Council of Trent • In 1545 established the direction of the Catholic Church • Declared that salvation comes from faith and good works • Ended abuses in the Catholic Church

19. Finding the Jesuits • Ignatius Loyola, founder of the Jesuits, drew up a strict code for Jesuits or Society of Jesus • Jesuits became advisors to Catholic leaders • By the 1500s and 1600s persecution was widespread. Tens of thousand died during witch hunts.

20. Persecuting Jews • 1516 Venice ordered Jews to live in separate quarters called the ghetto. • During the Reformation restrictions on people of the Jewish faith increased.