The Protestant Reformation

1. The Protestant Reformation • Roots and early history begin in medieval Europe. (11th century-14th century) • Investiture-the right to appoint church officials. • There was conflict over who had the right to appoint officials in the church between kings (especially in the HRE) and the Pope of the Roman Catholic Church. • The official right was with the Pope or other church officials, but it had long been done by the king of the Holy Roman Empire. • The offices to be appointed were sold by the king to loyal clergy who already worked in the government since they were educated. ( a practice called simony) Source of income for the king. • Additionally, the Holy Roman Emperor had the right to appoint the Pope, and the Pope would then, in turn, crown the new King.

2. Roots and History cont • Problem began when a group of monks inside the Roman Catholic Church decided that they did not want a king to appoint the pope since they believed it should be the right of the Church once again. • Made this happen when a new king of only 6yrs was crowned in HRE. He was too young to react. • A Church council in Rome declared that no secular leader could play a part in the electing of a new pope. • Created the College of Cardinals which is still today the method used to elect a new pope.

3. Roots and History con’t • This led to the current King of the HRE (Henry IV) to withdraw support from the current pope Gregory VII and the pope in turn to excommunicate King Henry IV. (which removed him from both the Church and being king.) • Neither could back up claims but things were not good in the HRE. The local aristocracy did not like Henry and used the cover of religion to continue a rebellion that had been going on. This civil war forced Henry to back down and apologize to the Pope. • Later, after strengthening his army, Henry drove the pope from Rome with the idea of setting up a new pope he liked better. Pope Gregory was forced to call upon other allies to defend him, Rome was sacked, the people turned on Pope Gregory and he died a few weeks later.

4. Investiture in EnglandThe Concordat of London • During the same time, England was having a conflict over Investiture and came up with a compromise that would work for the rest of Europe. • It was decided that the king would recognize the differences between secular and religious duties of those working in his court. • The king also kept the tradition of making these individuals go through a ceremony where they pledged loyalty to him.

5. The Concordat of Worms • This was an agreement between the Catholic Church and the King of the HRE that eliminated investiture but gave the secular leader a good amount of say-so over who received church positions. • This did not end the problems in the HRE as there would be future problems. • These actions broke the balance of medieval political institution and gave us, for the first time the separation of ecclesia and mundus. ??? • This was in the year 1122 and ended what was known as the Investiture Struggle/Controversy.

6. The Practices of the Catholic Church • In order to better understand the need for a “Reformation” it is necessary first to understand a little of why people where upset in the first place. • Issues- • Church law and secular affairs vs spiritual • Great accumulated wealth vs Christian poverty and chastity • Absolutions and Indulgences • Simony • Great Schism • Babylonian Captivity

7. The Church-Secular vs Spiritual • Partly out of necessity early on and then later more out of greed, the Church played an important role in deciding legal matters that were not related to church matters. • Many who sought to be priests wound up training in legal matters to help with the ever expanding role of the Church in legal matters. • This lead, over time, to what many felt were wrong doings in all levels of the church who were paying more attention to legal matters (and the income it brought) instead of paying attention to the real spiritual matters of the people.

8. Church Wealth vs Poverty and Chastity • In the early days of Christian church, it’s members lived lives based more on the model of Christ and his disciples. The were not wealthy and lived lives dedicated to God. • In the time just before the Reformation, the members of the Church, particularly the upper membership (Cardinals and Popes) lived more like princes with lavish wardrobes and lifestyles. Eating off gold plates while people in the streets died of starvation. • Many in the Church had committed themselves to God so completely that they took vows of chastity and then proceeded to have sex willfully and often, damaging the reputation of the Church.

9. Absolutions, Indulgences, and Simony • So how did the Church get all that money? • Selling the concept of Heaven… • Absolutions: you give me money and all your guilt for sins are immediately forgiven. • Indulgences: you give me money and your time in purgatory will be lessened. • Simony: the selling of church offices for money.

10. The Great Schism • A split inside the Catholic Church, where, by its end, had 3 different men claiming to be Pope. • Began when a Pope moved the papacy back to Rome from Avignon, France. • While in France, the papacy had come under control of the French king. It had not started that way but various political pressures and actions had brought the Church under French control. • When the papacy was moved back to Rome, the current pope died and a new pope was named. • He was not very well liked, changed his attitude and was very suspicious and violent. • Fearing what might happen to the them, the Cardinals who had elected him move back to France, elect a new pope and throw the entire church into turmoil.

11. Great Schism cont • This meant all the countries of Europe now had to decide which pope they would be loyal to. • The arguments and attempts to fix the problem continued for some 40 years until the Council of Constance in 1414. • The group of Cardinals deposed (fired) two of the popes, and the Roman pope stepped down (but not before empowering the cardinals to pick the next pope-thus making sure the Roman line of popes would continue on) and so a new pope was then elected, ending the split.

12. The Babylonian Captivity • Because of the French domination over the Church and focus on things secular instead of spiritual, the time of the Papacy in Avignon (1378-1417) has become known as the “Babylonian Captivity” of the West referring to a Biblical reference of Jews being held captive in the ancient city of Babylon.

13. Black Death, The Renaissance, and the Printing Press • The Black Death, or Bubonic Plague, killed an estimated 1/3 of the population of Europe. • 4 out of 5 exposed died within 8 days. • Out of the catastrophe came a need for change in the economic and technological aspects of society. *There were fewer people to do the work so they needed new technologies to do the work and centralized banks to provide money (capital) to buy what was needed. • This empowering of the individual, when combined with post-Black Death feelings about “living for the day” lead to a “rebirth” or Renaissance in how life is lived in Europe. People begin to enjoy learning and the classics of old Greek and Roman teachers, scientists, and philosophers. • Johannes Gutenburg develops the printing press and educational materials flow into society creating newly educated, independent individuals who seek to learn and argue/discuss ideas without fear of persecution by the church.

14. Martin Luther and his Reformation • An Augustinian Monk and professor at the University of Wittenburg, he seeks not to change the course of history, only to reform his beloved church. • In 1517 he pins a paper he’s written called the “95 Theses on the power of Indulgences” on the door of the Wittenburg Castle Church. • His goal…to reintroduce conversation regarding the Church’s use of indulgences and it’s policy on purgatory. • His outcome…he fractures the entire body of Christendom. (the whole body of the church founded by Christ) • BTW…he pinned the note on the door on Halloween…hmmm. • His “discussions” spread like wildfire due to the printing press, igniting new debate not just in Germany but in Switzerland and then across Europe.

15. Major Protestant Differences from Catholicism • Sola scriptura- “scripture alone”: stating that the Bible is the end all and be all of Christian belief. • Faith alone- the idea that only by faith (not faith and good works) could you be saved. • Priesthood of the Believer- that each person is responsible before God for their actions and no intermediary (as a priest) other than Christ may be used without it being considered unbiblical.

16. John Calvin and the Calvinists • Came almost immediately after Luther. • Lived in Geneva, Switzerland. • Created a model for both civil and religious institution in his city. • His writings and teaching spread throughout Europe and the rest of the world. • Predestination and Election • The Five Points…

17. The Five Points of Calvinism • Total Depravity-man is totally corrupt and a slave to sin. • Unconditional Election-God’s choice of whom he will bring to him is based on his own will, not any future good actions or thoughts. • Limited atonement-the idea that Christ died for the sins of those that are elected only, not for those who will not be saved. • Irresistible Grace-That the Holy Spirit, upon God’s decision of whom will be saved, will come upon all those chosen without fail. • Perseverance of the Saints-the idea that since God’s will is infallible, anybody who has been chosen to be with him will stay with him until the end and that those who steer away will either return or were not chosen to begin with.

18. The English Reformation • In England, a different road to Reformation was taken. • Was not religiously motivated but politically motivated. • King Henry VIII, once a devout Catholic, found himself in need of a divorce and, when the pope refused, Henry started the Church of England or the Anglican Church and made himself the head of the church. (Known as Episcopalian Church in the U.S.) • Catholic church officials were killed and shrines were destroyed, Church land and wealth was taken and given to nobles in exchange for their support. • After Henry died, his son, who was a devout Protestant (but only 6 yrs old) had his regents go throughout the kingdom destroying old Catholic relics in churches and established Protestantism as a religious group in England.

19. The Counter Reformation or Catholic Reformation • Depending on your position (Catholic or non Catholic), you may use these terms interchangeably. • Protestants would say that the changes made by the Catholic Church were in response to the rise of Protestant ideas and issues put forth during the Reformation. • Catholics would argue saying that they were making changes before the start of the Reformation based on their own internal observations of what was wrong.

20. Reforms, the Council of Trent, and the Inquisition • In 1545 the pope asked a group of cardinals to address issues of corruption, indulgences and other financial abuses, as well as to make institutional reforms in the Church. • Called the Council of Trent, the group focused on improving discipline and administration of the Church. • Reaffirmed the ideas of salvation by faith and works • Reaffirmed belief in transubstantiation, veneration of relics & saints, veneration of the Virgin Mary • Sought to lessen the divide between clergy and laity by educating the clergy more and providing better learning opportunities so that the common man could better understand Church rules and what it meant to be Catholic. • Reduce the excesses of the secular Church and move to a more spiritual daily existance. • No more politically driven appointments to Church office.

21. Reforms, the Council of Trent, and the Inquisition • To combat the spread of Protestantism, Pope Paul IV used the Inquisition and the censorship of prohibited books. • The Inquisition was a court, run by the Church, to combat heresy and punish those who’d strayed from the Church. • Those found to be guilty of heresy could be fined, publicly embarrassed, excommunicated (kicked out of the Church), made to recant (take back what they’ve said or read), drown, or burned at the stake among other things.

22. The Company of Jesus • Group formed by Ignatius Loyola in 1534 • Later to be known as the Society of Jesus • Group was formed to do three things: • Create Catholic schools • Convert non-Christians to Catholicism • Stop the spread of Protestantism • They were fierce, very organized and successful in some areas. • They became known as…The Jesuits.*

23. The Rule of Mary Tudor AKA Bloody Mary • Ruled England and Ireland from 1553-1558 • Remembered for briefly returning England back to Roman Catholicism. • Called “Bloody Mary” because she had some 300 Protestant supporters excuted. • Married Phillip II, King of Spain, and devout Catholic but had no children to pass the crown to. • As she was the daughter of King Henry VIII who had broken ties with Rome, she had been very mistreated by those in the reformed Church of England. • She reestablished ties with Rome, saw to the undoing of Protestant reforms in her country and executed numerous leaders of the Protestant movement in England. • She dies, childless, in 1558 at the age of 42. • She was succeeded by her half sister who became Elizabeth I.

24. Elizabethan England 1558-1603 • Period of English history associated with the rule of Queen Elizabeth I • Considered a Golden age of England • Height of the Renaissance in England • A great time of advance in English literature and poetry, as well as theatre. (Shakespeare) • Age of expansion and exploration of empire • Protestant Reformation becomes part of the way people think. • Was a brief period of peace compared to times before her rule and soon after her rule. • The one great rival was Spain, under Phillip II, who would send a great armada to attempt to invade England and return her to Catholicism.

25. Elizabethan England cont • During Elizabeth I reign, transatlantic trade became profitable for England. • There were some dark spots for this time period. • Not THAT successful militarily speaking. After the defeat of the Spanish Armada, there were other smaller engagements with Spain and smaller groups that were not as successful. • 90% of population was in total poverty • Participation in the slave trade • Repression of Catholic Ireland • Civil War that would occur less than 40yrs after her death. • Even with these dark spots, it is still considered a time of general peace and increasing prosperity.

26. Elizabethan Religious Settlement • Made up of two laws passed by Parliament • The first law, called Act of Supremacy of 1559- reestablished the independence of the Church of England from Catholic Rome. • The second law, called the Act of Uniformity of1559-set forth the path and form of what the Church of England would take. • For a time, these acts provided for peace between Catholics and various protestant churches in England like the Puritans and Anglicans.

27. Spanish Armada • Sent by King Phillip II of Spain in 1588 to reclaim England for the Catholic Church. • 130 ships, 18,000 soldiers, 8,000 sailors in the group. Intended to hook up with another 30,000 soldiers waiting in the Spanish Netherlands. • Poor weather, good naval tactics by the English, poor communication and tactics by the Spanish forces led to the defeat of the Armada at the Battle of Gravelines. • The Spanish were driven north in the channel and, with English ships in pursuit for a time, attempted to flee around the top of England and Ireland into rough seas. • After battles and wrecks due to weather, only 67 ships and 10,000 men survived the expedition. • Historians say this was a major boost in pride for the Protestant cause across Europe stating that God must be with them. • Generally, most of the engagements after Gravelines favored Spain and Phillip II however.

28. Mary I, Queen of Scots • Queen of Scotland 1542-1587 and consort Queen of France 1559-1560 • Was beheaded by her cousin Elizabeth I. • Due to political negotiations made when she was still a child, and her maternal ties, she had the claim to the crown of England as well. Many Catholics claimed Elizabeth I was illegitimate and that Mary was the rightful ruler of England.

29. Mary I and Religion • After her husband’s (the king of France) death, Mary returns to Scotland to find it a land divided between Catholics (which she was) and Protestants. • Her half brother was one of the leaders of the Protestants. • Rather than taking up the Catholic cause, she was tolerant of the newer religion. • She marries and English nobleman named Darnley…her first cousin, so now they both have claim to the English throne. • Both are Catholic and this created much tension among Protestants in Scotland and England with a revolt occuring. • While the revolt is crushed, Darnley becomes jealous of Mary’s relationship with her secretary and has him murdered by the formerly rebellious nobles. • He then switches sides back to supporting Mary but, while recovering from an illness, dies in a “mysterious” explosion at the home.

30. The End of Mary I Queen of Scots • It was believed that a man named James Hepburn 4th Earl of Bothwell, was guilty of the “mysterious” explosion…he would become Mary’s 3rd husband. They were married as Protestants. • This infuriated the Scottish nobility who raised an army, imprisoned Mary, and forced her to abdicate her throne to her one year old son James. • Mary escapes, flees to England and is promptly imprisoned and tried for murder of Darnley in an English court even though she was both a queen and not a citizen of England. • She was found guilty and executed by beheading, mostly because her cousin, Queen Elizabeth I needed her, and her claim to the throne of England removed.

31. The Puritans • A term generally given to those who either wanted to reform and make changes to the Church of England or to separate themselves from it totally and to worship in their own manner. • Many different Protestant groups were referred to as Puritans. • The Reformed or Calvinist churches • Presbyterian, Baptist, and Congregationalist (like those of Massachusetts Bay Colony).

32. The Scientific Revolution(Major Contributions) • Refers to advances made in scientific thinking that were based on the Renaissance idea of going back and studying the works of the ancients and middle ages who had been brave enough to study and write findings down or publish them. • Major contributors include: • Isaac Newton (1643-1727) • Galileo Galilei(1564-1642) • Frances Bacon(1561-1626) • Johannes Kepler(1571-1630) • Nicolas Copernicus(1473-1543)

33. Beginnings and Traditions • Based in the works of philosophers and the learned of ancient Greece, Roman, and Middle Ages thinkers like: Aristotle, Galen, Ptolemy, Copernicus, and Avicenna. (Which we will study about in WH part I) • The Scientific Revolution is generally credited to start with Copernicus’ development of the Heliocentric Theory.

34. Issac Newton • Lived from1643-1727. • Known for theories of gravitation and laws of motion. • His explanation of the connection between the gravity and Kepler’s laws of planetary motion proved the Heliocentric Theory and helped to advance the scientific revolution. • His influence reached the areas of mathematics, optics, engineering, and literature.

35. Galileo Galilei • Lived1564-1642. Born in Pisa, Italy. • Known for improving the telescope and using it to make groundbreaking observations of astronomical phenomenon. • Developed the law of falling bodies based on observation and mathematical calculations. • Is known as the father of: modern observational astronomy, science, and modern science. • Championed Copernicus’ ideas on the universe and got in trouble with the Catholic Church for it.

36. Sir Francis Bacon • Lived 1561-1626. • English philosopher, essayist, statesman. • His works established the use of inductive methods of scientific research we know today as, the scientific method.

37. Johannes Kepler • Lived 1571-1630. • German mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer, • Known for his laws on planetary motion. • Explained that planets do not orbit in circular but elliptical orbits. • Did work in the arena of optics to help legitimize the work of Galileo.

38. Nicolas Copernicus • Lived 1473-1543. • Known for expanding earlier ideas and developing the Heliocentric Theory. • In addition to astronomy, Copernicus was known as a mathematician, physician, scholar, cleric, governor, administrator, military leader, diplomat, and economist…he was busy! • Did not publish his works until later in life due to the possibility of criticism from contemporary scientists and the Church.

39. Religious Wars • Fought for both political and religious reasons but mostly under the “disguise” of Protestantism vs Catholicisim. • Consisted primarily of the… • Thirty Years War 1618-1648 • Fought in four separate “phases” based on interventions from rulers around Europe • Glorious Revolution 1688 • Removed English King James II from throne. • Took away any chance for returning England to Catholicism as the state church. • Gave a limited tolerance to nonconformist Protestants. • Led the way to a cooperation between the monarchy and parliament and away from Monarchical Absolutism (the absolute power of the king )

40. The Thirty Years War • Fought from 1618 to 1648 • Involved most all of the important European continental powers. • Was fought mostly as a war to determine supremacy between Protestants and Catholics…but, • There was also major political reasoning by various countries, especially France, who, as a Catholic nation, sometimes fought on the Protestant side to keep the Catholic Holy Roman Empire weakened. • Began in Holy Roman Empire as a result of the Peace of Augsburg which had allowed, among other things, for princes of the HRE to pick and choose the religion of their lands and stated that any who lived in a region that had already picked a religion must belong to that religious organization. • Used mercenary armies and destroyed as much as: • 1/3 of German population • 50% of male population of Germany • 1/3 of all German towns

41. Thirty Years War Phases • First phase: Bohemian Revolt (1618-1625) • Began when Protestants attacked two Catholic councilors chosen by the king to run government in his absence. • Initially favored the Protestant side but quickly switched when Spain sent an army to aid the Catholic emperor. Rebellion is crushed and over for now. • Second Phase: Danish Intervention(1625-1629) • Began when a leader of Denmark, Christian IV, with backing from both France and England, invaded the HRE with an army out of “fear” because he and his land were Protestant and the recent Catholic victory in the HRE was a threat to his land. • His forces were defeated by the army of the HRE and this invasion was short lived.

42. Thirty Years War Phases • Third Phase: Swedish Intervention(1630-1635) • Also began as an attempt to help German Lutherans by the Swedish crown. • Also meant to stop Catholic aggression and establish economic interests in the area. • Protestants (Swedes) are more successful militarily speaking until their leader is killed in battle. This leads to peace talks which end the conflict and empower the Catholic leadership of the HRE with a larger army. • This does not sit well with the French crown who had been giving support to the Swedish military efforts. This causes France to enter the conflict. • Final Phase: French Intervention(1636-1648) • Came in on the side of Protestants, even though most of the country was Catholic. • This was because the HRE were political enemies and a threat to French interests in the area. • This made Spain (a Catholic country) invade France. • All sides fought with no one fighting to a clear advantage • Conflict ends with the Peace of Westphalia

43. Peace of Westphalia • Made up of a pair of Treaties • Treaty of Munster • Treaty of Onsabruck • Involved the Holy Roman Emperor, other German princes, Spain, France, Sweden, Switzerland, the Dutch Republic and representatives of the Pope. • Agreements: • All princes could again choose the religion of their own land. (Choices of Lutheranism, Catholicism, Calvinism) • Any person who practiced a religion that was not the one picked by their prince had the right to worship in public during appropriate times and in private at their will. • Multiple land agreements that overall favored France.